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Flood Plain Informaiotn Mulberry & Dry Creek C fer Liu Kt If7l- Flood Plain Information MULBERRY CREEK DRY CREEK SALINA KANSAS 711PPWWIli fir 111111APPOr • PREPARED FOR THE CITY OF SALINA, KANSAS BY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY KANSAS CITY DISTRICT MARCH 1972 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. PREFACE i BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1 Settlement 1 The Streams and Their Valleys 2 Development in the Flood Plain 3 FLOOD SITUATION 4 Data Sources and Records 4 Flood Season and Flood Characteristics 5 Factors Affecting Flooding 5 Flood damage prevention measures 5 Obstructions to flood flows 5 Flood Warning and Forecasting Services 6 Flood Fighting and Emergency Evacuation Measures 8 PAST FLOODS 9 Summary of Historical Floods 9 Flood Records 9 Flood Descriptions 9 Flood of October 20, 1941 9 Flood of July 11 , 1951 9 Flood of May 22, 1971 10 Newspaper Accounts 10 FUTURE FLOODS 14 Intermediate Regional Flood 14 Standard Project Flood 15 Frequency 15 Hazards of Large Floods 16 Flooded areas and flood damage 17 Obstructions 17 Velocities of flow 19 Rates of rise and duration of flooding 19 Photographs , future flood heights 20 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 23 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 26 a CONTENTS -- Continued TABLES Table Page No. No. 1 Annual Maximum Events 4 2 Peak Flows for 25, 50, and 75 Year Floods 16 3 Bridges Across Mulberry Creek and Dry Creek Salina, Kansas 18 4 Average Velocities at Selected Locations 19 PLATES Plate Following No. Page 1 Area Map c 2 Basin Map 2 3 Index to Flooded Areas 26 4-11 Flooded Areas 26 12 Flood Elevation Profiles 26 13 Typical Cross Sections 26 FIGURES Figure Page No. No. 1 Missouri Pacific Railroad trestle over Dry Creek . . . 6 2 International Harvester Company looking east from U. S. Highway 81 , May 1971 12 3 Mulberry Creek looking northwest from the inter- _ _ section of Crawford and I-35, May 1971 12 4 Looking north toward Mulberry Creek from the county road on west side of Section 17 T14S R3W 13 b CONTENTS -- Continued Figure Page No. No. 5 International Harvester Company building near Fifth Street on Mulberry Creek 21 _ 6 Mid-America Inn on U. S. 81 at Mulberry Creek . . 21 7 Building in Thomas Park on Mulberry Creek 22 8 Telephone company building on county road near Mulberry Creek 22 COVER PHOTO: Mulberry Creek looking upstream from I-35, May , 1971 . c I-- -- .....,,, .. .....2. ' ji — ts..■,, •-44, ..,,,,,_ •. —''''''' --4■—m■-f73,-....,._ • I 4 1 li 1 !__I 4.,.. ,.. f• — a " • ..4.* -.Jib' 13 Or Lac/moll 9 V '.° V ',a `? Ilr• ler sCALE •WI.. 1 IP • 7.-. 1 ,• / .... ..1 • ,,,' , ,' .-E A 1, "z +. v.i___• ,:. 4...10. MN... 1... 1.1-■1 . 4 ' • A. vyy.' .. ,■•■ NORTH J ,. A, ,..GS GAGE ... , ... Ilk SA lb- -.. .• v. .........„................° — - a • 1 \ r , 2 i A .+,—.....7 • MUNICIPAL AIRPONI :2 iS • . ■110 1 l,tIL, `I E .. . . . LEGEND Skely Reach crIvered by this report CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY ......,”. KANSAS(IT'?OIETAICT AREA MAP MULBERRY CREEK AND DRY CREEK SALINA. KANSAS A-I5-2.11 PLATE NO I PREFACE This report evaluates the hazards resulting from floods occurring on Mulberry Creek and Dry Creek in the vicinity of Salina, Kansas. With development progressing north of the city and also to the west in the vicinity of the interstate highways, even minor to mod- erate flooding can become a serious problem to flood plain development. Studies show a large flood occurring today in the developed portions of the flood plain could have serious consequences not only to those affected but, also to the economy and general welfare of the entire community. This report was prepared at the joint request of the City of Salina and the County of Saline through the Kansas Water Resources Board under continuing authority provided the Corps of Engineers in Section 206 of the 1960 Flood Control Act (Public Law 86-645) as amended. Plate 1, on the opposite page, shows the flood plain areas which are discus- sed in this report. Contents of the report include a discussion of the flood hazard, maps, profiles and cross sections indicating the approximate extent of flooding which could be expected in the future under existing conditions. A glossary is also included to assist in the understanding of unfamiliar terms used in this report. Historical information, streamflow records, pre- cipitation data and other technical data have been used in defining the size and occurrence of potential flooding in Salina due to Mulberry Creek and Dry Creek floodwaters. The flood situation as presented in this report is intended to be used as an aid in the • identification of local flood problems and to promote the best utilization of lands subject to overflow. By use of this information, flood risks may be appraised, and both general and special development programs may be planned to avoid or reduce flood damage. It should be recognized that the flood hazards as presented are evaluated as of the date of this re- port. Special plans and recommendations for the solution of flood problems are not in- cluded as these are properly the responsibility of local government. However, a basis is provided for study and planning on the part of the city of Salina to minimize vulnerability to flood damages. Use of flood plain regulations, zoning or subdivision regulations, flood proofing and construction of flood protection works, or a combination of these approaches may be implemented by planners in the guidance of those who would propose utilization of the flood plain. . Copies of this report and information on its use are available from the Office of the Mayor of Salina, Kansas, and the Kansas Water Resources Board. Technical assistance _ to Federal, State and local agencies in the interpretation of the information contained herein will be provided, upon request, by the Corps of Engineers, Kansas City District. i BACKGROUND INFORMATION Settlement • Salina, the sixth largest city in Kansas and the county seat of Saline County, lies in the center of the fertile valley of the Smoky Hill River. Nomadic Indian tribes , including the Cheyenne , Arapahoe, Kiowa and Pawnee were well acquainted with this area for they came from all directions to take advantage of the supply of plentiful water, wild game, and abundant vegetation so characteris- tic of the Smoky Hill region. Colonel William Phillips organized the Town Company of Salina and started the survey of the townsite in March 1858. One year later three general stores were enjoying a profitable busi- ness although most of the trade was with the Indians . On April 14, 1862 , Salina officially took its place on the map as a newborn town in Kansas . Manufacturing was introduced into the county in 1861 with the erection of the first saw mill and a grist mill . Little anyone realized at the time that this grist mill would be the begin- ning of the city's most lucrative and thriving industry. The advent of the Kansas Pacific Railroad in 1867 stimu- lated business and growth of the city, but this growth was not with- out hardship and tragedy. Numerous terrifying Indian raids , two destructive fires which destroyed many homes and businesses , flood, drought, famine and the grasshopper plague, all in turn, dealt severe and crippling blows to the city of Salina. However, after each of these calamitous events , the citizens were prompt in rebuilding and restoring their town . Today the city of Salina , with 37 ,700 residents , hosts a large variety of industry. It contains an international airport, four major railroads , two fully-accredited colleges , other educa- tional and historical institutions , and is the wholesale distribution center for Central and Northwest Kansas. The foremost industry in the city is the milling of flour and processing small grains. Other commodities manufactured are: farm implements , concrete products , structural steel and metal materials , dairy products, beverages , meats , feeds , and many other marketable goods. The Streams and Their Valleys As shown on Plate 2, opposite, the Mulberry Creek Basin lies partially within the north city limits and extends about twenty miles to the west. The basin is generally fan shaped with surface elevations varying from 1210 feet mean sea level (m.s.l . ) at the mouth to 1750 ft. , m.s.l . at the west edge of the basin. Mulberry Creek drains an area of 271 square miles and is characterized by a serpentine stream with a wide flood plain in gentle rolling uplands . Flood plain widths of Mulberry Creek average one and a half miles at the upper end of the study reach and spread to two miles near the mouth. Mulberry Creek, near its mouth , shares a common flood plain with Dry Creek and the Saline River giving a much wider flood plain than would normally occur for a stream this size and in this terrain. The stream slope averages three feet per mile and the width varies from 50 to 150 feet throughout the study reach. Portions of the lower basin are becoming urbanized but most of the land is in agricultural use. That portion of the Dry Creek Basin covered in this re- port lies south of the Mulberry Creek Basin along the western city limits and includes twenty seven square miles which was not diverted to Smoky Hill River by the Salina Flood Protection Project. This remaining portion of Dry Creek has been altered considerably from its natural state by the above project and channel realignment. Most of the basin is agricultural with approximately five square miles being used by the airport and surrounding buildings. The creek channel varies from 40 to 100 feet and the slope is approxi- mately four feet per mile. 2 N / F 41 I W a CA Cr VI Q-, y \ n l U CC CC F a IC 0. } /y ° ¢ Q 0 N n r v; N 2 Z Z a te" W } Y Y F Z U Z W • u � �' N Z f _ > > W z Q V J •l. C 1 ' 4 Q to a' a W MEN ■ — m it r t f C5 fr • IA7 SpN • el.,,, i R z p o 41 O O a z w 0\ i Y� z - I ` J 0 r�-, Y �� 0 I \ o • z '2 % a. 0. - r, ® •7 !s FPI'• • ! Y ltj ■ j =O ^1 • J". / e yy 0 O 0 t 1 r' e PLATE NO 2 I. I - 4.1;‘,4. •11.041 �,- m 1.- OMR 0 ! ... r"--\‘' .... . -.......:_-_, LOCATION 'A .* ^ -411 Pr r J o -4`7 . • • ' .b �va. J _ T i t i- ■ :-t Uai: f ,11 !1 A\ , . . .:- . .___. a „m 1 1 = _°_ \ 413 1 ` I. STRUT y JI`I `� I N I y� Q L J i i • 1110110,11E MYPORT _ to -- - i a ouMT mo ,4,. CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. S.ARMY W S,LS CITS DISTRICT INDEX TO FLOODED AREA MULBERRY CREEK AND DRY CREEK SALINA. KANSAS v... x, v>:- s A-15-213 PLATE NO. 3 Development in the Flood Plain Since completion of Interstate Highway 70 , substantial growth has taken place in the vicinity of the U. S. Highway 81 and I-70 interchange. Most of the businesses are related to highway trade such as gas service stations , truck stops , rest- aurants and motels. The International Harvester Co. Sales and Service building located between Fifth and Ninth Streets on the Mul - berry Creek left bank , has been flooded in the past. A large truck stop facility is located immediately west of the Inter- national Harvester Co. and adjacent to I-70. Also at Ninth Street on the right bank are two motels , restaurants , service stations and a mobile home sales company. Upstream of Ninth Street urban development is sparse the area being mostly agri- cultural in nature. No concentrated development has taken place in the Mulberry Creek flood plain west of Salina but with future construction of Interstate Highway 35 it can reason- ably be expected. There is also scattered development in the Dry Creek flood plain. The right bank flood plain is within the Salina Flood Protection Project from the mouth to Magnolia Road , while the left bank flood plain has no flood protection. In the area where Dry Creek skirts the west city limits , the right bank flood plain contains development consisting of residential and commercial . The left bank flood plain is sparsely developed with it generally being farms , a trucking company and the airport. The city now has annexed Schilling Air Force Base and some non-military business and commercial activity have already moved into the facility. It is a prime development site due to proximity to major highways and availability of ready-built buildings . 3 FLOOD SITUATION Data Sources and Records There is only one stream gaging station located within the Mulberry Creek Basin. This station, monitoring flows from approximately 271 square miles of Mulberry Creek, was established by the United States Geological Survey in March 1961 . The gage is located on the downstream side of the county road bridge be- tween Sections 8 and 9 T 14S , R 3W. The gage equipment consists of a crest stage indicator and Type A wire weight gage. Zero stage for this facility is 1208.42 feet above mean sea level . Extreme flows range from zero flow on several occasions up to a maximum flow of 7800 cubic feet per second on May 22 , 1971 , (26.94 feet gage height) . Table 1 contains a summary of annual peak flows at the gage. Table 1 . Annual Maximum Events U.S .G.S. Gage Discharge Date Stage (feet) (c.f.s . ) May 22 , 1961 27.73 7260 May 20, 1962 23.62 3420 September 5, 1963 10. 13 550 June 9, 1964 6.00 115 June 27 , 1965 18.30 1700 August 20, 1966 12.38 680 September 3, 1967 22.52 2800 October 7 , 1967 21 .38 2500 June 1 , 1969 22.20 2600 June 20, 1970 13.30 850 May 22, 1971 26.94 7800 Rainfall records have been maintained in the Salina vicin- ity for more than eighty years . The average annual precipitation is 28.4 inches with variation from 12.98 inches in 1966 to 50.94 inches in 1959. Intense hourly rainfalls such as the 1 .86 inches recorded on September 3, 1967 and 1 .56 inches on July 11 , 1963 are of frequent occurrence in the Salina area. 4 Flood Season and Flood Characteristics The flood season in central Kansas normally begins with the spring rains and continues through early summer. Snowmelt does not contribute appreciably to flood situations . Past flood flows in Mulberry Creek have usually been caused by continuous precipitation lasting for a day or more associated with generalized storms over the basin. Flows from these storms are characterized by high stages , high velocities and medium length durations . Factors Affecting Flooding Flood Damage Prevention Measures - A planned effective flood damage prevention program has been initiated in Salina which includes protection from flooding by Mulberry Creek and Dry Creek. The existing flood protection channel ii,cludes the improvement of two miles of Mutherry Creek channel between U. S. Highway 81 and the Union Pacific Railroad bridge. The major portion of Dry Creek has been diverted eastward into the Smoky Hill River from a point just south of thP city. The remaining downstream part of the Dry Creek channel , approximately five miles , was straightened and leveed. This improvement is located between the Union Pacific Railroad Bridge and Magnolia Road. Obstructions to flood flows - there are no natural obstruc- tions to flood flows in the Mulberry Creek and Dry Creek flood plains. Obstructions hindering floodwater flow have been created by man 's continued encroachment onto the flood plain. In the study area, bridges are the most prominent man made obstacle. During periods of medium to high flows , trash and debris tend to collect on bridge piers reducing the available waterway area and constricting the flow. Figure 1 , the Missouri Pacific Trestle over Dry Creek, shows debris beginning to collect on the pile bent piers. ' - 5 4 iv • - ;_• • e a r R 4 i --- I � = Fig. 1 . - Missouri Pacific Railroad trestle over Dry Creek, showing accumulation of drift. Flood Warning and Forecasting Services The following statement, furnished by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service, des- cribes flood warning services available for the Salina area. The National Weather Service provides flash flood warnings for Mulberry Creek basin. This gives information locally for flood con- trol project operation and protective measures , thus providing a practical low cost method for reducing flood damage. The primary river fore- cast point is the wire-weight gage at the Coun- ty bridge about two miles west of State Street in Salina. Flood stage on Mulberry Creek in the vicinity related to the gage is about 26 feet . Flash flood warnings typically provide about 6 to 12 hours advance warning for the lower reach of Mulberry Creek. Forecasts are based on runoff computed from rainfall reports and radar observations. 6 Flash flood warnings based on National Weather Service Radar Observations : Areal coverage, intensity and precipitation area movement for the Salina vicinity is pro- vided primarily by the radar facilities located at Wichita and Concordia. The Wichita Weather - Service Office's -equipment is designed specif- ically for accurate determination of precipitation intensity. The basin is within effective oper- ating range of the station and the radar at Concordia. Although the Concordia local-use radar has more limited capability, the instal- lation has performed well during severe weather and flash floods . The Topeka Weather Service Office (WSO) , which is responsible for river services in the area, has direct communication with law enforcement offices and Civil Defense, as well as commercial radio and television stations. In areas where the time interval between rain and the ensuing flood is short , radar information and forecasts relayed immedi- ately to the news media and public service of- ficials in the area will result in substantial saving of life and movable property. Precipitation Stations : The flash flood reporting network for the Salina flood protection project includes the Mulberry Creek basin. At times of heavy rain reports are received from stations at Falun, Glendale, Brookville, Kanopolis , Lindsborg, and Salina FAA. The records for Falun and Glendale are not published, but are available at the Topeka WSO. River Reporting Stations : The river gage on Mulberry Creek was established in 1961 , and stage discharge relationship has been determined by the Geological Survey to fac- ilitate forecast procedures . These were financed by the Corps of Engineers for flood control pro- ject operation. River stage reports are obtained from a local observer when a rise is anticipated or is occurring. 7 Flood Fighting and Emergency Evacuation Plans Upon completion of the Federally sponsored flood protec- tion project, a plan for flood fighting was prepared and suggested for use. The plan is outlined in the Operation and Maintenance Manual Flood Project, Salina, Kansas. This activity relies mainly • on the warning system of the National Weather Service described in the preceding paragraph. It should be emphasized that the lead time between the dissemination of flood warning and the crest of the flood could be short, necessitating rapid emergency measures to remove personnel and valuables from the flood plain. 8 PAST FLOODS Summary of Historical Floods Information obtained from newspaper accounts indicates a long history of flooding from Mulberry Creek and Dry Creek. Flo- ods have occurred numerous times since 1895 when the first event was reported. Notable flood events were May 1903, August 1927, and October 1941 . Unfortunately- precise data regarding flood levels reached by these events at locations in the study area have not been documented. Flood Records Detailed information regarding flooding from Mulberry and Dry Creeks in the Salina area is somewhat limited since most of the flood plains lands in Salina have been in agricultural usage and flood events did not affect large numbers of people. Information on historical floods prior to the gage installation in March 1961 is based on research of newspaper accounts and interviews with local residents and officials . Records of water surface levels at the gage are available for flood events which have occurred since March 1961 . Flood Description The following composite accounts described three major events in Salina. Flood of October 20, 1941 - The flood of October 20, 1941 was caused by excessive rains concentrated south of Salina. Rainfall amounts varied from 2.94 inches at Salina to 11 . 39 inches at Linds- borg. In the north part of Salina, approximately 50 blocks were inun- dated from Dry Creek floodwaters. Flood of July 11 , 1951 - Recorded rainfall amounts in Salina were 4.53 inches on July 10 and 4.05 on July 11 . Floodwaters from Mulberry Creek spread about a mile on each side of the channel . The north end of Salina was inundated again by floodwaters of Mul- berry and Dry Creeks . 9 Flood of May 1971 - The flood of May 22 , 1971 was caused by heavy rains in the headwaters of the Mulberry Creek Basin. Rain- fall varied from 3.2 inches at Bavaria to 4.8 inches at Glendale. Extent of flooding at various locations is shown in the Figures 2 through 4. Newspaper Accounts - Extracts from the Salina Journal are quoted below: SALINA JOURNAL May 26, 1903 - "The worst flood in the history of Salina is now raging and the entire portion of the city north of the Union Pacific and west of the Missouri Pacific tracks is entirely sub- merged. Portions of the city south of the Union Pacific tracks and west of Ninth Street , north of Ash are flooded and the waters are still ris- ing." May 27, 1903 - "The rise yesterday was from Mulberry; the rise today is from Dry Creek. The waters in Mulberry has receded and the creek is only about half filled, but Dry Creek has taken a great rise since morning and the water is rag- ing over the country southwest of the city tak- ing a course along the track into the northern part of the city and is spreading rapidly over the low lands." August 17, 1927 - "Water on Dry Creek at State Street now is 10 1/2 inches higher than at any other time this year. It has been at a stand- still for 30 minutes at 3: 15 o'clock." October 19, 1941 - "As a forerunner of what is expected to be the worst flood ever to strike Salina, Dry Creek lashed through its banks south of the city early this morning to spill angry waters into the already bankfull Smoky River. Unable to find an outlet, creek waters overflow- ed into east Salina and swirled the length of Fifth and adjacent streets in a mill race." 10 "By noon , from atop the United Life Building , half of Salina and all the surrounding country- side could be seen to resemble the land of 10,000 lakes . To the west flash flood waters rolled down Dry Creek and into low fields spreading out as wide as two miles." July 11 , 1951 - "County Engineer, Hal Everett 's staff said they found a sheet of water starting two miles west of Salina and extending as far as they could see in the State Street road vicinity. They said it was water from the junction of Spring and Mulberry Creeks which join five miles west of the city." July 13, 1951 - "But Salina isn ' t out of the woods and waters yet . The furious Saline River highest in history north of Salina, could back water into the already swollen Mulberry Creek and Dry Creek, sending water into the north end." May 23, 19 1 - "U.S. 40 highway was closed to cars Monday afternoon one mile west of Salina. Overflowing Mulberry Creek covered an approach to a bridge west of the U. S . 40-State Street Road intersection." 11 iiiiii jp.• . . ___I ___, • . '' 1 fr7 4 dotarasi. ' Fig. 2. - International Harvester Company looking east from U. S. Hwy. 81 . May 1971 . _ ..E.-# tg...ir_.... . . Ttl4 - ,...s , 41 N . VP 41vicos $ ' ' . 'r Fig. 3. - Mulberry Creek looking northwest from the intersection of Crawford and I-35. May 1971 . 12 IM"-_ ___ _ — fir Fig. 4. - Looking north toward Mulberry Creek from the county road on west side of Section 17 T14S R3W. May 1971 . 13 FUTURE FLOODS Records show past flood events on Mulberry Creek have been relatively minor. By comparison much larger floods have occur- red in nearby areas. Storms that produce these large floods on other streams could also occur in the Salina area, two examples of possible future floods , the Intermediate Regional Flood and the Standard Pro- ject Flood, are discussed. A flood the size of the Standard Project Flood represents the practical upper limits of expected flooding , although it is meteorologically possible for still larger floods to occur. Those the size of the Intermediate Regional Flood represent floods that may be expected to occur more frequently, although they will not be as severe as the Standard Project Flood . Unfortunately, when data for the Intermediate Regional Flood or the Standard Project Flood are presented , many people tend to ignore them in the mistaken belief that they could not occur during their lifetime. Actually, the chance of a flood the size of, or greater than the Intermediate Regional Flood occurring in the next 25 years is greater than one in four. It is possible for for such a flood to occur in successive years , even though the average over centuries would be only once in one hundred years . Intermediate Regional Flood The Intermediate Regional Flood is defined as a flood having an average frequency of occurrence on the order of once in 100 years , although the flood can occur in any year. Probability magnitudes of this type are usually developed from analysis of streamflow and precipitation records and the runoff characteristics of the stream basin. Unfortunately, the streamflow record for Mul- berry Creek is not sufficiently long to permit accurate analysis. Therefore, it was necessary to analyze precipitation and streamflow records of nearby basins having hydrologic, meteorologic and physio- graphic characteristics similar to those of the Mulberry Creek Basin. 14 The Intermediate Regional Flood discharge computed for Mulberry Creek is 37,000 cubic feet per second (c.f.s. ) . Compari- , son of Intermediate Regional Flood depths at various locations in Salina can be made by referring to the stream profiles as shown on . Plate 12 and elevations listed in Table 3. Standard Project Flood Severe as the maximum known flood may have been on any given stream, only in rare instances will it have reached what hydrologists regard as the maximum flood potential of the basin. The threat of flooding in excess of any past event must be recog- nized. The Corps of Engineers , in cooperation with the National Weather Service, has made broad and comprehensive studies based on the records of past floods and has evolved generalized procedures for estimating the flood potential of streams. These procedures have been used in determining the Standard Project Flood for Mul- berry Creek and Dry Creek. This flood is defined as a large flood that can be expected from the most severe combination of meteorological and hydrological conditions that is considered reasonably characteristic of the geographical region involved. Standard Project Flood discharges are 54,000 c.f.s . for Mulberry Creek and 10,800 c.f.s. for the Dry Creek area downstream of the diversion. Comparison of Standard Project Flood depths can be made by referring to the stream profiles as shown on Plate 12 and elevations listed in Table 3. Frequency For purposes of hazard evaluation, peak flow frequency curves can be used to illustrate the relative magnitude of flood- ing which has been experienced and could reasonably be expected in the future on both Mulberry Creek and Dry Creek. The May 1971 flood, which had an estimated discharge of 7,800 cubic feet per second is ranked as an 8-year frequency flood; 15 that is a flood occurring once every eight years , on the average. Values for the 25, 50, and 75 year floods at key locations are listed below: Table 2 . Peak Flows for 25, 50, and 75 Year Floods 25-Year 50-Year 75-Year Flood Flood Flood Stream Location (c.f.s . ) (c.f.s. ) (c.f.s . ) Mulberry Creek County Road (gage) 17,000 25,000 32 ,000 Dry Creek Mouth 3,400 5,000 6 ,400 Floods larger than the Standard Project Flood are pos- sible; however, the combination of factors that would be necessary to produce such floods would seldom occur. Consideration of floods of this magnitude would be of great importance to potential developers of the flood plain, if possible damages indicate the need of extreme- ly high assurance that the flood risk be eliminated. Hazards of Large Floods The hazards to life, health, and property possible from a flood the size of the Intermediate Regional Flood inundating Salina's flood plains is the concern of the entire community. Flood levels in existing commercial and residential areas would be much greater than any previously experienced. Floodwater flowing at high velocity and carrying floating debris would create conditions haz- ardous to persons and vehicles attempting to cross flooded areas . Generally, floodwater 3 or more feet deep and flowing at a velocity of 3 or more feet persecond can easily sweep a person off his feet , thus creating definite danger of injury or drowning. Rapidly ris- ing and swiftly flowing floodwater may trap persons in homes that are ultimately destroyed, or in vehicles that are ultimately sub- merged. Awareness of these hazards is of importance not only to those living in the flood plain, but to all in the community. 16 Flooded areas and flood damage - The flood plains in the study area that would be inundated by the Intermediate Region- - al Flood and the Standard Project Flood are shown on Plates 4 through 11 . An index map showing the general relationship of these areas is found in Plate 3. Limits of the flooded areas as shown on the plates were determined from U. S . Geological Survey maps having a contour interval of ten feet and a horizontal scale of 1 inch to 2000 feet. Map features were supplemented , where necessary, by aerial photography and field investigations. The actual limits may vary from those shown due to map limitations , contour intervals , and changes in surface contour since mapping completion. Depths of flooding at any point can be determined by subtracting the ground elevation from the water-surface elevation indicated on the profiles. The approximate ground elevation can be determined from information indicated by contours on the map. Accurate elevations can be obtained by leveling to nearby bench marks . Obstructions - Salina's obstructive flood plain develop- ment described earlier will have an added serious significance dur- ing a large flood such as the Intermediate Regional Flood. Brush and debris washing downstream would reduce waterway openings by collecting on bridges , thus causing a damming effect. This dam- ming effect, depending on the degree of clogging, could cause great- er backwater depths with increased overbank flooding. Flood crests and pertinent elevations for the 24 bridges spanning the two water courses in the study area are listed in Table 3. For study purposes , it was assumed that limited clogging of waterway openings had occurred but that all bridge structures remained intact. Significant changes in these assumptions , im- posed by the varying conditions of future floods , could alter the flood crests and flood limits shown. 17 a) � o r 0 S--O •--- CO LLI- 4P f� CONin01 (J .- C") C) CntO N-. 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Factors influencing the velocity of flow include the size and shape of the available ` cross-sectional flow way, the condition of the stream channel , and . the bed slope. Velocities generated by a flood of Intermediate Regional Flood magnitude are generally lower than those associated with the proportionately larger Standard Project Flood, but would still pose a substantial risk. As an indication of the velocities which could be generated by these floods , Table 4 shows average values computed at selected locations in Salina. In developed areas , velocities tend to increase as flood- waters are forced to flow around buildings and other obstacles not designed for water passage. Point velocities in these urban areas may be much higher than the averages shown in the table. Table 4. Average Velocities at Selected Locations ifeet per second)_ Miles Intermediate Standard Above Regional Flood Project Flood Mouth Identification Channel Overbank Channel Overbank Mulberry Creek 1 . 8 Interstate 70 3.7 1 .5 4.5 2 .0 2.6 Highway Eighty-one 5.3 1 .8 4.6 1 .9 7.2 County Road (Gage Location) 5.6 1 .4 5.8 1 .6 Dry Creek 1 .2 Highway Forty 3.0 0.5 1 .6 0.4 3.4 Centenial Road 6.0 0.8 6.5 1 .6 4.6 Magnolia Road 6.5 0.6 5. 3 1 . 3 _ Rates of Rise and Duration of Flooding - The rate of rise and period of advance warning of possible flooding depend " - largely on the intensity and location of a flood producing storm over the basin. A flood of Standard Project Flood proportions on 19 Mulberry Creek would reach its peak value in about 16 hours rising at a rate of about 1 .5 feet per hour. A Standard Project Flood on Dry Creek is estimated to rise at an average rate of 3.0 feet per hour and attain the peak flow in about 6 hours. The Mulberry Creek Standard Project Flood would be out of banks for about five days while Dry Creek would be out of banks for about two days . Photographs , future floods heights - Figures 5 through 8 show flood depths that would be reached by the Intermediate Reg- ional Flood and Standard Project Flood on facilities presently existing within Salina ' s flood plains. 20 I i STD. PROJ. FLOOD Z i. Mt • A f INT. REG. FLOOD �' -_- . , ■_ _ _- { I " MAY 1971 FLOOD 1 A i ti ' V., Fig. 5. - International Harvester Company building near Fifth Street on Mulberry Creek left bank. STD. PROD. FLOOD '1' INT. REG. FLOOD i- ,, rr !.!I Iii ., r "� i IV- cE Fig. 6. - Mid-America Inn on U. S. 81 at Mulberry Creek right bank. 21 , N-3.,i. '- • t - p. ,g c FRO!. FLOOD _ .. 1. oi-. ' fir` 'eo�T R .�1C. r 1F + i Y ' lhL - i6`� .� INT. REG. FLOOD f _ ,� '''• 4 - - i. • p E "(, `• l M c I• 114.A-1\211 f4 Y It o i Fig. 7. - Building in Thomas Park on Mulberry Creek right bank. *w •• - ,STD_ PROD. FLOOD _.2h1,17kl\ill I • 1- INT. REG. FLOOD ffy' .4 ,-1 0 • • _ i 1 NA!.li i'§ Fig. 8. - Telephone company building on county road on the west side Section 8 and 9 , T14S , R3W, near Mulberry Creek. 22 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Flood - An overflow of lands not normally covered by • water. Floods have two essential characteristics : The inundation of land is temporary; and the land is adjacent to and inundated by overflow from a river or stream or an ocean, lake, or other body of standing water. Normally, a "flood" is considered as any temporary rise in streamflow or stage, but not the ponding of surface water, that results in significant adverse effects in the vicinity. Adverse effects may include damages from overflow of land areas , temporary backwater effects in sewers and local drainage channels , creation of unsanitary conditions or other unfavorable situations by deposi - tion of materials in stream channels during flood recessions , rise of ground water coincident with increased streamflow, and other problems. Flood Crest - The maximum stage or elevation reached by the waters of a flood at a given location . Flood Peak - The maximum instantaneous discharge of a flood at a given location. It usually occurs at or near the time of the flood crest. Flood Plain - The relatively flat area or low lands adjoining the channel of a river, stream or watercourse or ocean, lake, or other body of standing water, which has been or may be covered by floodwater. Flood Profile - A graph showing the relationship of • ' water surface elevation to location, the latter generally expressed as distance above mouth for a stream of water flowing in an open channel . It is generally drawn to show surface elevation for the crest of a specific flood, but may be prepared for conditions at a given time or stage. 23 Flood Stage - The stage or elevation at which overflow of the natural banks of a stream or body of water begins in the reach or area in which the elevation is measured. Flow Line - The minimum stage or elevation at which flow occurs in a stream. Head Loss - The effect of obstructions , such as narrow bridge openings or buildings that limit the area through which wa- ter must flow, raising the surface of the water upstream from the obstructions. Intermediate Regional Flood - A flood having an average frequency of occurrence in the order of once in 100 years although the flood may occur in any year or even in successive years. It is based on statistical analyses of streamflow records available for the watershed and analyses of rainfall and runoff characteristics in the general region of the watershed. Left Bank - The bank on the left side of a river, stream, or watercourse, looking downstream. Low Steel (or Underclearance)- See "Underclearance. " Right Bank - The bank on the right side of a river, stream, or watercourse, looking downstream. Standard Project Flood - The flood that may be expected from the most severe combination of meterological and hydrological conditions that is considered reasonably characteristic of the geographical area in which the drainage basin is located, excluding extremely rare combinations. Such floods , as used by the Corps of Engineers , are intended as practicable expressions of the degree of protection that should be sought in the design of flood control works , the failure of which might be disastrous. 24 Underclearance - The lowest point of a bridge or other structure over or across a river, stream, or watercourse that limits the openings through which water flows. This is referred to as "low steel " in some regions. 25 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Assistance and cooperation of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service, the U. S. Geological Survey, the State of Kansas , the City of Salina, Office of the Salina City Engineer, the Salina Journal , Kansas State Historical Society, United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, and private citizens in supplying use- ful data are appreciated. 26 7 v +- I- O Y — ° 0 -° y,a W N o Z — co '- °o 2 w > w (f) a_ I L �t) w > Q (f) v i ; Q } Q a ¢ ° 0 W a s e I. cu I — 0 fJ E ra t� J p li !Y O < Q a, N `'-' a E o z 2 w >- 0 Y Y .c > l l a O V 41 Q Z ¢ Z g O wcn Q U aL cf) Z J c 0 Q 0 OY X Q 3a --T �� J Ir o H � LL W o d 0 O m C) D o D lmIE c Il !! ; N a0 L U) 1 _,_\\ _ - —----- -_,MIN,.,,,, J /0 ) ' / ] a a l ), a r 1%N.....___, o tfl of 16--- _.....„ ___ - `, ` <'7 IN 11 Qt ,^l 1 () / , ".I.... 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