Centennial Park Paving
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III.
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1.
II.
IV.
ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
FOR PAVING IN CENTENNIAL PARK
SALINA, KANSAS
Asthetics
A.
For a park area the white reflective surface is a big plus
B.
Lighting requirements are less because of the reflective nature of
th e pa vemen t
C.
The concrete pavement will drain better and the tight surface is
easier to sweep and clean
D.
Concrete pavement has higher skid resistance
E.
Surface is cooler for a walking surface in the summer
F.
Does not get soft and cling to shoes during extreme periods of heat
Design
A.
The 6 in. thick concrete design and 8 in. thick asphalt have about
the same structural number as utilized in the AASHTO Interium Guide
for Design of Pavement Structures. Published by American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
B.
However their design nomographs show a much higher load carrying
capacity for the concrete
1.
70 equivalent 18,000 lb. axle load applications per day for a
20 year life for the concrete section
2.
Only 30 equivalent 18,000 lb. axle load applications for a 20
year life for the asphalt
Costs
A.
On first cost basis the two pavements are probably not too far
apart if recent experience is duplicated
B.
Integral-monolithic curb with the concrete design
- no separate operation
- provides edge support and transfer of load that isn't achieved
with the asphalt
- no joint at critical point where water flows
The thicker asphalt will require additional excavation
c.
Maintenance expenditures are lower
A.
Very few municipalities maintain maintenance costs on different
types of pavements for city streets
B.
There are a few that can be cited. (Ratio of concrete maintenance
costs to asphalt maintenance costs.)
Advantages of Concrete for Paving
in Centennial Park - Salina, Kansas
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V.
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VI.
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Page 2
- Canonsburg, Pa.
- Los Angeles
- Jonesville, Wise.
- Seattle, Wash.
- Palo Alto, Calif.
- Sheboygan, Wis.
1:5
1:3.4
1:2
1:4.75
1:3.5
1:5.35
C.
City of East Detroit reduced their street maintenance budget 30%
over a 12 year period through a vigorous concrete paving program
which increased from 5% to 96% of their total streets
D.
A statement made by the Principal Ass't. Engr. of Public Works
of Houston, Texas "As far as we are concerned, concrete pavement
is as near to a maintenance free road building material that we
have been able to fin~
E.
Asphalt pavements require constant traffic to keep the surface
"alive" or pliable. This'particular location may lack the necessary
vehicle movement in the winter months.
Service Life - is better and cheaper
A.
Most pavements today are designed for at least a service life
of 20 years
B.
The average life of asphalt to the first resurfacing by most highway
departments is seven to eight years
C.
For this project if one resurfacing is considered at 10 years at a
cost of $3.00 per sq. yd. for a one inch thick layer there is an
added cost for this project of $45,000 of today's dollars. At an
annual inflation rate of 4% this would rise to $66,600 in the 10th
year when the work is actually done.
Energy Impact - is less severe
A.
Asphalt is basically a petroleum product plus the production of
asphalt utilized oil or gas to heat the materials and to dry the
aggregates
B.
Cement utilized as the binding agent in concret~ is for the most
part, manufactured with coal as fuel. The raw materials themselves
are sand, rock and stone not related to energy consumption
C.
On a strictly energy consumption basis, irregardless of the type
of fuel utilized, concrete still wins.
1.
For a square yard of concrete 6 in. thick energy consumption
would be 431,220 BTU
2.
For a square yard of asphalt 8 in. thick energy consumption
would be 1,030,185 BTU
3.
Concrete is over twice as energy efficient
Advantages of Concrete for Paving
in Centennial Park - Salina, Kansas
Page 3
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VI 1.
Conclusion
A.
The advantages of concrete pavement over asphalt are numerous
1.
More pleasing from an asthetie viewpoint
2.
The concrete design will carry a higher volume of heavy
traffic
3.
First costs are nearly comparable
4.
Maintenance expenditures are lower
5.
Service life is longer
6.
Energy impact is less critical
B.
The City Council of Salina should consider all aspects of the two
pavements in making their analysis
1.
First cost
2.
Service life
.
3.
Future resurfacing of the asphalt
4.
Maintenance costs
C.
The decision should be based on the total cost of each pavement
over its service life not on first costs alone
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SALINA, KANSAS
CENTENNIAL PARK
PAVEMENT DESIGN
ASSUMPTIONS
1.
Approximately 15,000 sq. yd: of paving
2.
Asphalt design
- 2 in. HM-3 Top
- 6 in. BC-l Base
3.
Concrete design
- 6 in. mesh reinforced
4.
Modulus of subgrade reaction
- 100 (concrete design)
(supporting characteristic of the subgrade)
5.
Soil Support Valve - 3 (asphalt design)
(supporting characteristic of the subgrade)
..
CONCRETE DESIGN
SN
.50 x 6 = 3,00
Modulus of rupture of 700 PSI
- Use 75% MaR or 525
- 6 sack concrete
6 in. thickness will carry 7Q equivalent 18,000 lb. axle load
applications per day for 20 years
ASPHALT DESIGN
SN
SN
SN
.44 x 2
.34 x 6
.88 AC surface
2.04 AC basè
2.92 total
8 in. thickness will carry 30 equivalent 18,000 lb. axle load
applications per day for 20 years
"
'8
S tructura
by AASHO Committee on Design, '
, 1961
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Pavement Component
Coefficient 3
,
Surface' Course"
Roadmix -(low stability)
Plantmix (high stability)
Sand Asphalt
0.20
0.44 * "
0040 "
,
Base Course
Sandy Gravel
Crushed Stone
Cement-Treated (no soil-cement) ,
Compressive strength @ 7 days
650 psi or morel (4.48MPa)
400 to 650 psi (2.76 to 4.48MPa)
400 psi or less (2.7 6MPa)
Bituminous- Trea ted
Coarse-Graded
Sand Asphalt
Lime-Treated
. .
I
0.071
0.14*
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, 0.231
0.20
0.15
,/
0.341
0.30
0.15-0.30
~
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Subbase Course
Sandy Gravel..
Sand or Sandy.clay
0.11*
0.05-0.10 ,"~'.;~
* Established from AASHO Road Test Data
I Compressive strength at 7 days. '
1 This value has been estimated from AASHO Road Test data, but not to the accuracy of
those factors marked wi th an asterisk. '. .. ..:
3 It is expected that each state will study these' coefficients and make such changes as
experience indicates necessary. '
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RElA1T~ONSH~P BE1WEEN CAl~fO~~~A tBEA~~,NG
RA1uOAND MODULUS O~ SQJrBGRArD[E, REAC1~ON.
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California B.eorina Ratio, oer cent
CHART 4
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SOIL
SUPPORT
VALUE
(S)
1 .0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7 .0 8.0, 9.0 10'.0
1, 1 1 ¡-{ ~ 1 t ',' 1 r
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1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 100 200
CALIFORNIA
BEARING
RATIO
(CBR)
CorrelAtion bctwC'.l'.n Soil Support Valul". "Il1d COR R-'1tio
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TYPICAL CßR VALUES
...
2, ~nd bl? I O'H
3
2 to 4
, I, to 6
, 6 to 8
8 to 10
Unsui ~~ble-replace or stAb il ize
Wet silty clay
Moist' si I ty ClAY
Sandy si It, silty clay
Dry sandy silt, sandy lo~m
Clay grav~ls, fi rm sAnds
.IS Type of Soil Remarks
,.
IC10 Si Its ~nd cl.qys Sat i sf:'lctory
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3()1) , Sand-g r-'lve 1 s Excclll".nt
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Table 1. Street Classifications and Normal Concrete Pavement Thicknesses
. Normal
.' : , Heavy commercial concrete .
, ve~ Icles, 2-axl~, pavement Maxlmu~
Street' Vpd or ADT Lots 6-tlre and heavIer thickness axle load, kips
; " ,
classification' '2-way No. Percent No. per day inches Tandem Single
Light residential 200 20-30 1-2 3-5 5-6 36 20
Residential, . 300-700 60-140 1-2 5-11 5-6 36 20
"
Residential collector 700-1,500 140-300 1-2 11-23 6-7 36 20
,
Collector ,2,000-6,000 3-5 80-240 6-7 38 24
Minor arterial '" '3,000-7,000 10 300-700 7 46 35
Arterial < ... 6,000-13,000 5-7 360-780 8' 56 30
Major arte~ial -. I 14,000-28,000 5 700-1,400 8-9 65 40
Business' ' 11,000-17,000 3-5 440-680 8 56 30
Ind,ustriaf ' ,'" 2,000-4,000 15-20 350-700 9 65 40
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TABLE 1
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Energy Requirements - Alternate Sections
Asphalt
8 in. x 128,773 BTU/sq. yd. in. 1,030,184 BTU/sq. yd.
. Concrete
6 in. x 71,870 BTU/sq. yd. in. 431,220 BTU/sq. yd.
.
8
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE
Assumptions:
1. 6 bags 01 cement per cubic yard,
2. AQgregate composed of 1 part sand plus 2 parts crushed stone.
3. Cement Is hauled 50 miles.
4. Aggregates hauled 10 mIles.
5. Concrete hauled 5 miles,
/.)0.
Materials
Produce Portland Cement
Haul 50 mi. x 2 @ 5.040 Btu/tm
Total
Crushed stone @ 70,000 Btu/t,
2/3t
San.d @ 15,000 Btu/t, 1/3t
Ha.ul 10 ml, x 2 @ 4,270 Btu/tm,
1.05
Mix Composition (l cubIc yard'.
Portland Cement 8,074,000 Btu/t,
564# (2,87cl)
Water 250 jt(4.01cf)
Crushed stone 2217 #(13.41cl)
136,340 Btu/t
Sand 1122#(6.71cf)
94,670 Stull
Total for 1 cubic yard
(2.09 #) pcc
16
- 7.570,000 Stull
- 504.000 "
- 8.074,000 Btu/t
-
46,670 Btu/t
5,000 "
-
-
89,670 "
- 2,276,868 Btu
- ..--.--......
-
151,133 "
-
53,110 "
. 2,481,111 Btu
.
,8
"
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,
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Plant Operations
Handling aggregates 3339i~ x 1.05
@ 4650 Btu/t - $,151 Btu
MixIng . 3,580 "
Total plant operations . 11,731 Stu
~.
Haul &. Place
HaulS ml, x 2 @ 4270 Stu/tm,
2,09 t/cy - 89,240 Btu
Placing - 5,240 Bfu
Total lor haul &. place
.
94,480 Btu
Total lor 1 cubic yard pce In place - 2,587,322 Btu
2,587,322 Btu!cu.Yd,:.-'71,870 Btu/Yd.2In.
36 In.! yd.
17..
.
ASPHAL T
Assumptions:
1. Asphalt hauled 50 miles to plant.
2. Aggregate hauled 10 miles to plant.
3, 5% asphalt content.
4, S°/, mols1ure content In aggregate to be dryed and heated.
5. Average haul distance of mix 7 1/2 miles,
6. Compacted density, 145 pounds per cubic foot.
.¿I
.¿I
Materials
Liquid asphalt
Manufacture asphalt cement
Haul 50 mi. x 2 @ 5,.04.0 Btu/tm
.37,128,42.0 Btu/l
. 587,5.0.0"
. 5.04,.0.0.0"
Total for asphalt
. 38,219,92.0 Btu/t
Crushed stone @ 7.0,.0.00 Btu/t, 60°/,
Sand @ 15,.0.00 Btu/t, 35%
Minerai filler @ 70,.00.0 Stu/t, S°/, .
Haul 10 mi. x 2 @ 4,270 Btu/tm, 1.0S .
42,0.0.0 Btu
5,250 "
3,500 "
89,G70 "
Total
14.0,420 Btu/t
.
Mix CompositIon
Asphalt, S°/, @ 38,219,92.0 Btu'/t
Aggr,egate, 95% @ 14.0,42.0 Btu/t
. 1,910,996 Btu
. 133,4.0.0"
Total for mix
. 2,.044,396 Btu
14
.
Plant Opera110ns
Dry aggrega te, 5'/0 @ 28,.0.0.0 Btut/"
C.9t
Heat 23CoF @ 470 BtufF/t, 0.9t
Other plant operations
Total plant operations
Haul a.!l~
Haul mix 7.5 mi. x '2 @ 4,270 Btu¡'tm .
Spread and compact .
Total for haul and place
TOTAL FOR 1 TON ASPHALT CONCRETE
.
'. .
.
126,000 Btu
97,290 "
19,800 "
.
.
.
243,09.0 Btu
64,05.0 Btu
16,7.0.0 "
.
8.0,75.0 Btu
2,368,236 Btu
@ 145 pcf; 2,368,236 ~C.7S. 128,773 Btu/yd.2 In.
2.0.0.0
15
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