Resonnaissance Report - Water Resources Management A REPORT ON
• WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
FOR THE
KANSAS AND OSAGE RIVER BASINS
IN KANSAS
RECONNAISSANCE REPORT
SECTION A THE STUDY AND REPORT
SECTION B STREAMBANK EROSION
SECTION C WATER SUPPLY
SECTION D MINERAL INTRUSION
SECTION E STUDY MANAGEMENT
.
Prepared by the
Kansas City District
Corps of Engineers
700 Federal Building
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
S
RECONNAISSANCE REPORT
• Appendix 1 - Background Information
Appendix 2 - Channel Migration
Appendix 3 - Historic Channel Change Maps
Appendix 4 - Land Use Compilation Data
Appendix 5 - Land Use Maps
Appendix 6 - Cultural Resources Inventory
Appendix 7 - Recreation and Natural Resources
Appendix 8 - Geology and Surveys �
Appendix 9 - Hydrology and Hydraulics
Appendix 10 - Economics
• •
SECTION A
THE STUDY AND REPORT
•
1
THE STUDY AND REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Page
PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY A-1
SCOPE OF THE STUDY A-1
STUDY PARTICIPANTS AND COORDINATION A-1
PRIOR STUDIES AND REPORTS A-3
House Document No. 73-195 (1934) A-3
House Document No. 78-475 (1944) A-3
House Document No. 81-549 (1950) A-3 �
House Document No. 81-642 (1950) A-3
Kansas River Basin (1956) A-3
Senate Document No. 87-122 (1962) A-3
Osage River Basin Additional Tributary Lakes (1974) A-4
THE REPORT AND STUDY PROCESS A-4
NATIONAL OBJECTIVES A-4
•
TABLES
No. Title Page
A-1 Study Purposes by County A-2
PLATES
No. Title
A-1 Study Area
' I
•
A-i
SECTION A
THE STUDY AND REPORT
This is a reconnaissance report on an ongoing study of the Kansas and Osage Rivers, Kansas. This
report reflects the results and activities of Stage 1 planning.
PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY
There are three primary purposes of this study. Those purposes are (1) bank stabilization on the
Kansas River and Tributaries in Kansas, (2) municipal and industrial water supply in the Kansas and
Osage River basins in Kansas,and(3)control of mineral intrusion on the Kansas River and Tributaries in
Kansas.
This study is being conducted in response to five congressional resolutions. The five resolutions read
in part as follows:
1. Senate Committee on Public Works, Resolution dated 17 October 1973, to determine whether
channel improvements, bank and channel stabilization, and related improvements are desirable on the
Kansas River and Tributaries in Kansas, particularly downstream from existing reservoirs.
2. House Committee on Public Works, Resolution dated 11 April 1974, identical to the Senate reso-
lution above.
3. Senate Committee on Public Works, Resolution dated 2 February 1977, to determine whether
modifications to Kansas River and Tributary reports are advisable, including consideration of improve-
ments within Kansas for supply, conveyance, and distribution of water to areas of need and for the
control of mineral pollutants in streams from natural sources.
4. Senate Committee on Public Works, Resolution dated 2 February 1977, to determine whether
modifications to Osage River and Tributaries reports are advisable, including consideration of improve-
ments in Kansas for supply, conveyance, and distribution of water to areas of need.
5. House Committee on Public Works and Transportation, Resolution dated 10 May 1977, identical
to Senate Resolutions 3 and 4 above.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study will be of survey scope. This reconnaissance report represents studies through the first
of three study stages. The study area can be generally described as the northeast quarter of the state
of Kansas. More specifically, the study area is somewhat different for each of the three primary pur-
poses, as shown on Plate A-1. For bank erosion, the study area is the flood plain of the Kansas River
and principal tributaries upstream to the first existing Federal lake or active authorized lake site. Prin-
cipal tributaries include the Wakarusa River, Delaware River, Vermillion Creek, Big Blue River, Repub-
lican River, Solomon River, Saline River, and Smoky Hill River. This area includes 18 counties. For •
water supply, the study area includes 36 counties in northeastern Kansas, plus Sedgwick and Harvey
Counties in south central Kansas. For mineral intrusion control, the study area is that 24-county area in
the Kansas River basin where geologic formations containing salt and gypsum are exposed or near the
ground surface, and areas where mineral intrusion affects the quality of surface waters.
STUDY PARTICIPANTS AND COORDINATION
A major public involvement effort has been initiated to inform the public and to receive public
views and concerns. Many activities have been used through the first study stage to encourage citizen
participation and to promote a high level of Federal and State agency participation. Activities include
public meetings and workshops, a Federal-State Coordinating Committee, a brochure, fact sheets, a
• news release and magazine article, and on-site visits with landowners in the study area.
A-1
Other Location
Missouri River Basin Commission Omaha, NE
Mid-America Assoc. of Conservation Districts Independence, MO
National Audubon Society, West-central Region Manhattan
• Burroughs Audubon Society of Kansas City Kansas City, MO
Friends of the Earth—Lawrence Area Lawrence
Sierra Club Lawrence
Save the Tallgrass Prairie Shawnee Mission
The Wildlife Society, Kansas Chapter Salina
Kansas Wildlife Federation, Inc. Wamego
American Fisheries Society, Kansas Chapter Emporia
Mo-Ark Kansas City, KS
PRIOR STUDIES AND REPORTS
There are two prior reports under review as specified by authorizing resolutions. One is the report
of the Chief of Engineers on the Kansas River and Tributaries, Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado, pub-
lished as Senate Document Number 122, 87th Congress, Second Session. The second report under re-
view is the report of the Chief of Engineers on the Osage River and Tributaries, Missouri, and Kansas, ,
published as House Document Number 549, 81st Congress, Second Session. The following paragraphs
summarize those and other pertinent reports of the Corps of Engineers and other agencies. Reports
are authored by the Corps unless otherwise noted.
HOUSE DOCUMENT NO. 73-195(1934).
This is the "308 Report" on the Kansas River basin. It described Kansas River flooding at Kansas
City and presented an adopted plan for improvement on the lower Kansas River which consisted of '
channel enlargement, levee raises, and bridge alterations.
HOUSE DOCUMENT NO. 78-475(1944).
This report presented a comprehensive plan for a system of Missouri River basin lakes and levees.
The plan was coordinated with a similar U.S. Bureau of Reclamation report described in Senate Docu-
ment No. 78-191 (1944). The authorized plan, often referred to as the "Pick-Sloan" plan, included a
number of Kansas River basin projects, principally for flood control and irrigation.
HOUSE DOCUMENT NO. 81-549(1950)
This report on the Osage River basin in Missouri and Kansas resulted in the authorization of nine
lakes and two local protection projects. Five of the nine lakes were in Kansas, and of those lakes two
are now in operation and a third is under construction.
HOUSE DOCUMENT NO. 81-642(1950)
This report on the Kansas River and tributaries recommended Milford and Perry Lakes, both now
in operation. It also recommended several local protection projects.
KANSAS RIVER BASIN (1956)
This Bureau of Reclamation report summarized existing and potential water resource development
information for the basin, particularly concerning irrigation.
SENATE DOCUMENT NO. 87-122(1962)
This report on the Kansas River and tributaries recommended additional tributary lakes, of which
three were authorized. The report also called for increased levee and floodwall protection on the lower
10 miles of the Kansas River. A plan for stabilizing the banks of the Kansas River from Junction City to
• Kansas City was found to be economically infeasible.
A-3
National Economic Development (NED) objective-to increase the nation's output of goods and
services and improve national economic efficiency.
Environmental Quality (EQ) Objective—to enhance the quality of the environment by the manage-
ment, conservation, preservation, creation, restoration, or improvement of the quality of natural and
• cultural resources and ecological systems.
•
A-5
iI
•
•
j
Solomon Con�ordlo
Goodland�- .• R • Manhatloniopeko
\ ,� ��=Ha '--j-Salina R ansas
�36Z,rI �` rea City ...•
a
•Garden City • Ha• i ° Yates enl
• ooe a City
WI m+a
PHILLIPS _ SMITH JEWEL Y Pittsburg
. I
Liberal 'I!
,i W GOA
LAKE LOCATION
WEBSTER RES.
MITCHI
ROOKS OSBORNE '
s0,'P
WILSON i i 1
LAKE I 1
Hays i
W LI NC
40 —
� Hill ,p. -
LCL Smoky( 'USSELL tee)
15B I LEGEND
CHEYENNE II LLSW
Wo/BW Creek BOTTOMS
L INTRUSION STUDY AREA
iCow I
RUSH . 'Great Bend 1S j SUPPLY STUDY AREA j
TABILIZATION STUDY AREA_______
/ BARTON Co'tr0ON STUDY STREAMS______
�/�
RI I
PAW_NEE
J
R3 0
folk /I
(STAFFORD Or/`
EDWARDS 1 RENO
South Fork
it,,!
115 _ I I
I
\ OA TT ` I
KIOWA ThBARBER IKIK I NGM,
I
KANSAS AND OSAGE RIVERS,KANSAS
i
. STUDY AREAS I
1 .
. .
0 1 In I sheets Sheet No. I Scale: as shown
CORPS OF ENGINEERS U. S. ARMY
KANSAS CITY DISTRICT
I FILE NO. A -I -880
APRIL 1980
I
1
•
SECTION B
STREAMBANK EROSION
•
STREAMBANK EROSION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Page
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION B-1
Existing Conditions B-1
Channel Migration B-1
Existing Bank Protection B-3
Conditions if No Federal Action Taken B-5
Problems, Needs, and Opportunities B-5
Planning Constraints B-6
Planning Objectives - B-6
FORMULATION OF PRELIMINARY PLANS B-7
Alternative Management Measures B-7
Stone Dikes B-7
• Stone Fill Revetment B-7
•
Toe Protection B-8
Windrow Revetment B-8
Hardpoints B-9
Tire Revetment B-9
Vane Dikes B-10
Tree Retards B-10
Car Bodies B-11
Vegetative Stabilization B-11
Easements B-11
Streamflow Regulation B-12
Plans of Others B-12
Descriptions of Preliminary Plans 13-12
Structural Plans B-12
Nonstructural Plans B-12
Combination Plans 13-14
No Action 13-14
Other Options B-14
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION B-14
Plan A - Medium Structural 13-14
Economic Analysis B-14
Environmental Assessment B-15
Plan B - Light Structural B-15
Economic Analysis B-15
Environmental Assessment B-16
Plan C-Vegetative Management B-16
Economic Analysis B-16
Environmental Assessment B-16
Plan D- Recreation River Concept B-16
Combination Plans B-17
• CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS B-17
Conclusions 13-17
Recommendations B-17
B-i
•
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
•
B-9 Plan B, Light Structural
B-10 Plan B, Light Structural •
B-11 Plan B, Light Structural
B-12 Plan B, Light Structural
B-13 Plan B, Light Structural
B-14 Plan B, Light Structural -
B.15 Plan 8, Light Structural
B-16 Plan C, Vegetative Management
B-17 Plan C, Vegetative Management
B-18 Plan C, Vegetative Management
B-19 Plan C, Vegetative Management
B-20 Plan C, Vegetative Management
13-21 Plan C,Vegetative Management .
B-22 Plan C, Vegetative Management
B-23 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-24 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-25 Plan D, Recreation River concept
B-26 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-27 • Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-28 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-29 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-30 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-31 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-32 Plan D, Recreation River Concept,
B-33 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
•
B-34 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-35 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-36 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-37 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-38 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-39 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-40 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-41 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
B-42 Plan D, Recreation River Concept
1 . .
•
B-iii
SECTION B
STREAMBANK EROSION
• PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Bank erosion has long been a problem along the Kansas River and its major tributaries. During the •
early development of Kansas, the river valleys provided the most favorable corridors for railroads and
later for highways. Major losses from erosion have occurred to cropland and to developments of man in
the valleys.
•
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Bank erosion is a natural process which has been occurring on the Kansas River and tributaries for
thousands of years. The basic physical conditions of flowing water and erodible soil remain the same
but the process may now be affected by human activities to the extent that it can no longer be con-
sidered natural. Human activities which may impact on the natural process are summarized in Table B-1.
TABLE B-1
• HUMAN ACTIVITIES IN THE STUDY AREA WHICH MAY AFFECT BANK EROSION
Type Occurrence
Till Farming in Valleys Land clearing for till farming in the valleys was largely accomplished between 1870 and 1930.
Riparian Vegetation Changes The tree-lined river corridor has been maintained where possible in most areas.
Urbanization in Valleys Thirty-eight towns were populated in the.early to late 1800's. Significant urban growth occurred
(1900-present) in Salina, Junction City, Manhattan, Topeka, Lawrence, and Kansas City.
Bank Stabilization Works Predominant since 1940's and 1950's. See Table B-3.
Large Lakes Seven large lakes have been constructed starting with Kanopolis Lake(1948)and including, most recently.
Clinton Lake(1979). ,
Small Lakes and Ponds Thousands of small lakes and ponds, many constructed after the 1930's drought, and many more
after the 1950's drought.
Dredging in River Commercial dredging for construction materials developed largely in the 1950's and reached annual volumes
of 2-2.8 million tons in the 1970's. Occurs mostly on the Kansas River.
• Railroads and Highways Railroad development began in 1860's while significant highway development did not occur until after 1940.
• Rights-of-Way and Bridges
Channel Modifications Natural cut-offs have been much more significant than man-made ones. Seven major flood-related channel
changes have occurred on the Kansas River, and many more on the tributaries. The only major man-made
channel modification in the study area is the Corps built Smoky Hill channel at Salina(late 1950's).
Upland Soil Conservation Practices These practices began to be used after 1930.
Valleyland Irrigation • Significant valley land irrigation has occurred only after 1950.
• Channel Migration. Bank erosion is accompanied, over time, by movement or migration of the river
channel. A major task of this study was to document the channel migration from the time of the earliest
reliable maps of the late 1800's to the present. That history is discussed in Appendix 2, and is recorded
on maps in Appendix 3 to this report. This history of channel migration should provide some basis for ,
determining how human activities have affected bank erosion.
An important question concerning existing conditions is whether bank erosion is more severe now
than it was 10, 20, or 50 years ago. The channel migration history provides the key to answering such
questions, and can also provide insight for prediction of future migration.
As an early study effort, Kansas River was divided into reaches of contrasting levels of activity for
approximately the past 100 years of record. Categories of activity were "active," "stable," and "minor."
This 100 year activity map, (Plate B-1), clearly shows an alternation of active and stable reaches. In
addition, the reaches displaying a high degree of activity in the past ten years show little correlation to
• reaches that were highly active over the 100 year span. Some of the presently active portions are indeed
located within reaches that also underwent long term activity, but others lie along segments that have
B-1
•
.
il
The summary maps of recent channel migration of the three major tributaries clearly demonstrate
a remarkable stability. Channel movement since 1947 involves areas that are small. The Smoky Hill I
River shows some natural and artificial cutoff, but little lateral movement. The Saline River shows little
movement, and the Solomon River shows almost no movement. Comparison of the maps of recent
• (since 1947)channel migration with maps of area of channel migration (since 1850) gives the impression I
that channel activity has recently decreased on the principal tributaries.
Existing Bank Protection. Bank stabilization work was first undertaken at about the turn of the
century. However, little effective work was accomplished until about 1940. Considerable stabilization
work has been performed since 1940, and that work is summarized in Table B-3 for the Kansas River I
from Junction City to the mouth. The table includes information on location, length, type, age, and
probable sponsor or owner of existing stabilization works.
Relative to the Kansas River, much less bank stabilization work has been undertaken on the tribu- I
taries. Generally, work has occurred only where adjacent development was threatened such as at a
bridge crossing or where railroad tracks parallel the river. I
•
TABLE B-3 I
KANSAS RIVER EXISTING BANK PROTECTION 1.
MOUTH TO JUNCTION CITY
Kansas
River Mile Bank Length,ft. Stabilization Type • Sponsor/Owner Year Installed
8.2 L 1,500 Riprap • Union Pacific R.R. pre-1960 1
12.0 L 3,000 Riprap Union Pacific R.R.• pre-1958
15.5 R 4,000 Riprap Santa Fe RR. pre-1954
17.0 L 5,000 Hardpoints Local
18.8 L 1,000 Hardpoints Local
18.8 L 5,500 Hardpoints Local
19.0 L 5,500 Riprap Union Pacific RR. pre-1954
21.5 R 2,000 Riprap Local pre-1954
• 23.4 R 2,500 Bus Bodies/Dikes Local 1
23.8 R 1,000 Kellner Jacks Santa Fe RR.
•
25.5 R 2,500 Riprap Santa Fe RR. pre-1954 1
27.5 L 6,000 Hardpoints Local pre-1954
29.0 R 5,000 Riprap Local 1960 I
30.0 R 2,500 Kellner lacks-Riprap Santa Fe RR. 1954 to 1958 . .
30.5 R 2,500 Riprap Santa Fe RR. pre-1954
31.4 R 300 Tires Local 1979
•
31.5 L 1,000 Dikes Corps, Sec. 14 1969 1
32.4 R 2,000 Dikes Local pre-1954
34.2 L 3,000 Riprap Union Pacific RR. pre-1954 i
39.0 L 1,500 Riprap Union Pacific RR. pre-1954
39.8 L 2,000 Riprap Union Pacific RR. pre-1954
•
40.2 R 3,000 Riprap Local pre-1958
42.8 R 2,500 Dikes State Hwy. Dept. 1953 to 1954 i
43.1 L 1,500 Dikes Corps, Sec. 14 1954 to 1960
43.7 L 2,500 Windrow Revetment/Toe Protection Corps, Sec. 32 1979
• 44.1 L 2,000 Dikes Union Pacific RR. pre-1958 1
46.7 L 2,500 Riprap Union Pacific RR. pre-1954
48.0 R 2,000 Windrow Revetment/Debris Local
50.4 L 2,000 Riprap Local 1956
52.0 L 2,200 Revetment Corps pre-1951
52.0 R 1,000 Riprap Local 1934 ,
52.7 R 1,500 Riprap Local 1942 1
52.9 L 2,000 Riprap Local 1944
54.2 L • 1,000 Dikes Local pre-1953 1
55.0 R 2,000 Riprap Santa Fe RR. pre-1958
• 55.3 L 1,000 Riprap Local pre-1953 i
55.6 L 2,000 Dikes Corps, Sec. 14 Late 1960's
• 55.6 L 1,500' Dikes KPL Planned
B-3 -
TABLE B-3
KANSAS RIVER EXISTING BANK PROTECTION
MOUTH TO JUNCTION CITY '(Cont.)
•
Kansas
River Mile Bank Lerrgtb,R. StabBtratlon Type Sponsor/Owner Year Installed
143.0 L 2,500 Riprap Local pre-1958
145.5 R 2,500 Riprap Rock Island RR. pre-1954
146.6 L 1,500 Hardpoints Local post-1960
149.0 L 3,500 Riprap Corps and others Several dates
156.0 L 4,500 Riprap Union Pacific RR. pre-1954
157.5 L 2,500 Riprap Local pre-1954
164.0 L , 5,000 Riprap . Corps(Ft. Riley) pre-1958
167.8 L 3.000 Riprap Corps(Ft. Riley) pre-1958 �
168.5 R 4,500 Riprap Corps(Ft. Riley) pre-1958
169.0 L 1,500 Riprap Corps(Ft. Riley) pre-1958 d
169.8 L 2,500 Riprap Union Pacific RR. post-1951
Subtotal L 178,700=33.8 MILES •
Subtotal R 99,800=18.9 MILES
Total 278,500=51.7 MILES .
'Planned mileage not counted in totals. -
CONDITIONS IF NO FEDERAL ACTION TAKEN
In the absence of any Federal plan of improvement, bank erosion would continue more or less as it
has for the past 25 to 50 years. Rates of erosion would depend upon the occurrence of floods, droughts,
and other unpredictable natural events, as well as the continued human activities along the river.
Private interests and county or drainage districts would continue to apply bank stabilization meas-
ures in several areas, but not on a coordinated basis. Railroad companies also would continue to apply
bank stabilization measures as railroad tracks become threatened by continuing erosion.
I Six reaches have been identified on the Kansas River as being areas of the most severe present
and predicted future bank erosion. These worst areas total 50 miles.of river. Assuming previous rates of
erosion at the sites would continue, it is estimated that about 4,200 acres of valuable agricultural
farmland and riparian woodlands will be lost by the year 2030. Significant amounts of bottomlands i
should also be realized by stream meandering and natural sediment accretions on opposite banks.
Erosion rates at these sites are highly variable within the specified reaches, ranging from 10 to 100 feet •
per year as the 25-year average. These areas of severe erosion seem to be located in isolated locations i
from one to three miles in length. Very rapid episodes of erosion have been recorded. At Eudora Bend
• an extreme burst of migration has been taking place for the past few years. At one point the river has
cut about 250 feet within three years, with 150 feet of the erosion occurring in one year. This 150 foot
• movement represents roughly three quarters of an acre loss for every 200 feet of eroding bankline, or
about 18 acres loss per mile of river bank. This, however, is an extreme case. An average erosion rate of
20 feet per year represents roughly an annual loss of 2.6 acres per mile of eroding bankline. The
following table lists the Kansas River severe erosion study areas, average annual erosion rates for each •
site, and the projected acreage losses to the year 2030. It also lists annual point erosion rates and •
acreage losses for the most severely eroding bend in each area. i
PROBLEMS, NEEDS, AND OPPORTUNITIES -
The occurrence of bank erosion along the Kansas River and tributaries causes economic losses in
several forms. These losses were expressed by persons attending public meetings as follows:
• Farmland, predominantly cropland, is lost.
• Property values on riparian cropland are reduced. 1•
• Local tax bases are reduced.
all • Roads, highways, railroads, and bridges are threatened, and must be protected or lost.
B-5
2. Provide increased recreational opportunities along the Kansas River and its tributaries in the
study area, particularly along the Kansas River below Lawrence.
3. Enhance the environmental attributes of the Kansas River and its tributaries in the study area,
as related to solutions to the bank erosion problem.
• FORMULATION OF PRELIMINARY PLANS
ALTERNATIVE MANAGEMENT MEASURES
A wide range of structural and nonstructural measures were considered for possible use in plans to
reduce erosion. They include the following:
• Stone dikes • Vane dikes
• Stone fill revetment • Tree retards j
• Toe protection • Car bodies
• Windrow revetment • Vegetative stabilization
• Hardpoints • Easements(several purposes)
• Tire revetment • Stream flow regulation
Each of the above measures id discussed in the following paragraphs.
Stone Dikes(Figure B-1). Stone dikes are stabilization structures constructed from the bank of the
river at an angle to the current. The structures are used to divert the current or refine the channel
alinement. The amount of accretion behind the dikes can be controlled by placement of notches. These
massive structures do not blend into the natural environment. Their use would be limited to the most
severely eroding areas.
`� 1441'
i 1 II III��II(►i�IJlll� 611114 ���il�,,,;dl �Nl,,111114.1
C11":;l2I-N\-\
•
FIGURE B-1
STONE DIKES
Stone Fill Revetment (Figure B-2). Stone fill revetment is basically a stone fill dike that is placed
in the stream parallel to the eroding bank. The structures protect the bank from all but high flows and
due to their massive nature tend to hold their alignment. Because these structures are parallel to the
bank they do not acrete land as dikes do. Their use is generally limited to where toe protection would
not provide adequate protection.
. 1
B-7
ii•
•
FIGURE B-4
• WINDROW REVETMENT
Hardpoints(Figure B-5). Hardpoints consist of sections of stone spaced intermittently along an erod-
ing bankline. The structures protrude only short distances into the river channel and can be supple-
mented with a root section extending landward to preclude flanking should excessive erosion persist.
The majority of the structure cannot be seen as it consists of underwater placement of rock. The aquat-
ic portion of the structure would improve habitat diversity, however, the above water portion would be
less desirable from an esthetic viewpoint. The above water portion can, however, be covered with soil
and plantings to improve the esthetic appearance.
•
t
•
. �
FIGURE B-5
HARDPOINTS
Tire Revetment(Figure B-6). Used automobile tires have been utilized successfully in some areas to
g ure B-6)
stabilize eroding banks. The tires are banded together to make a protective mat that is secured to
deadman anchors. The tires not only protect the streambank from flowing water, but after they collect
silt and become permanently embedded, the tires protect the roots of young trees planted to restore a
vegetative cover. Although somewhat subject to early damages, this measure would be considered a li
valuable assist to any vegetation establishment plan.
B-9 '
NMTP .I
• Vii`'•�.
Lk .
FIGURE B-8
• TREE RETARDS
Car Bodies (Figure B-9). Car bodies, when stripped of contaminates such as oil, grease and uphol-
stery, can be utilized for constructing toe protection and bank paving. The car bodies should be placed
in an orderly fashion, cabled together, and securely anchored. The car bodies, while unsightly at first,
will collect silt and encourage revegetation of the eroded bank. This measure although still allowed by
law is not considered desirable from an esthetic viewpoint. This measure, therefore, was not consid-
ered further.
I� I� III Ij�l .1 11 ll� I III 11I I
�I� �IIII��I . �I� � �JI(II��I �rl,: � I�l►,
.�,,
J✓ r-
/ 1
FIGURE B-9
CAR BODIES
Vegetative Stabilization. Vegetative stabilization consists of planting a corridor of trees along the
riverbanks in those locations where trees have been removed or lost from erosion. A passive method
would be represented by general agreements between private landowners, conservation districts, and
levee-drainage district. To complement any "corridor preservation" agreements, an active method of
stabilization such as "plantings" could be initiated to fill in the gaps in the vegetation corridor. Plant-
ings, however, would probably have to be done in combination with some type of light structural pro-
tection method in order to insure establishment. Without a structural assist, vegatative stabilization is
not a proven method, and probably could not be considered a long-term measure.
Easements. Easements could be purchased by governmental interests for specific limited pur- .
poses. Under this arrangement, the landowner retains ownership and thus may continue to farm or
conduct other operations on the major portion of the ownership. There are several possible purposes
• for which easements could be purchased.Two such purposes are:
B-11
I�
i
K
Site
l Eudora-Fall Leaf-Schaake Bend
2 Lawrence-Lakeview
3 Tri-County-St.Mary's
4 Belvue
5 Wabaunsee
6 Swamp Angel
•
Monhatton�
id
_
t
_
' f - Kansas.
• Bonner Springs City
- Junction City •
`
De Soto
�,7 Eudora
10 51
•
River. The plan, identified as Plan D, could include designation of a 57-mile segment of the lower
Kansas River as a National Recreation River. The plan was prepared by the Mid-Continent Region,
Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service. A complete copy of the report by that office is included
in Appendix 7, Recreation and Natural Resources. The plan is shown on Plates B-23 through B-42.
• Combination Plans. Three combinations of structural and nonstructural measures were consid-
ered. Plan E would combine vegetative management.with light structural measures. Measures such as
hardpoints, toe protection, or tire revetments would assist the establishment of permanent vegetation
in eroding areas.
Plan F and Plan G would combine the recreation river concept with vegetative management and
structural measures. For Plan F, the light structural measures would be included and for Plan G the
medium structural measures would apply.
No plates are included for the three combination plans because they simply include the same types
of measures shown in Plans A through D.
No Action. This alternative would provide no Federal action toward reducing streambank erosion.
Other organizations or individuals would continue taking action by applying treatments to localized
problems, but without a particular overall plan. Bank erosion would continue more or less as it has for
the past 25 to 50 years.
Other Options. Streamflow regulation was noted as a possible measure but was not included in any
of the preliminary plans. It was not included because it has not yet been determined in what way regu-
lation would affect rates of erosion. If regulation is found to have a significant effect it would be placed
in the nonstructural plan category, and it could be added to any of the other plans. Studies are present-
ly underway to determine if modification of flood flow release schedules at existing lakes can have a
significant effect on bank erosion rates.
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
This section provides a preliminary assessment of the economic and environmental aspects of the
conceptual plans. The assessment relates to the six severe erosion areas on the Kansas River. Addi-
tional economic data is provided in Appendix 10, and additional environmental information can be found
in Appendix 7.
PLAN A - MEDIUM STRUCTURAL
This plan is composed largely of medium weight structural measures. Its primary structural com-
ponents are toe protection, hardpoints, and windrow revetment with a more limited use of massive
stone fill dikes and massive stone fill revetments. Plan A would provide protection to approximately 50
miles of severely eroding banks. Although this plan is of medium weight, the measures included are to
be considered adequate to hold existing bank lines.
Economic Analysis. Plan A meets one of the major objectives of the study in that it reduces econo-
mic losses along the Kansas River. Economic feasibility was determined by comparing average annual
project construction costs with average annual benefits.
The most significant impact of Plan A would be that of erosion damage reduction. Projected lost
land damages from channel migration at the six study sites were estimated to be 2,635 cropland acres
and 1,535 non-cropland acres over the 50 years of 1980-2030. Average annual benefits are derived from
expected losses in productive crop values or other costs which would be incurred in the absence of a
comprehensive bank stabilization plan. All of these losses would be eliminated by a bank stabilization
project. Losses include:
• Losses of agricultural land and productivity
• Losses of taxes on agricultural land
• Cost to protect railroad tracks
• Cost to protect highway bridges
• Loss of miscellaneous buildings
• • Cost to relocate roads
•
B-14
•
•
A detailed breakdown of annual losses for the six severe erosion areas is presented in Appendix 10.
A summary of preliminary costs and benefits for the six areas is provided in Table B-5.
TABLE B-5
• BENEFIT-COST SUMMARY, PLAN A
(1979 Price Levels, 7-1/8% Interest, 50-Year Project Life,Operation and Maintenance was Not Included)
Erosion Losses Average Avenge
by Year 2030 Annual Annual B/C
Erosion Site (acres) First Cost Cost Benefit Ratio
Eudora-Schaake 1,190 $2,134,575 $157,120 $29.110 0.19
Lawrence-Lakeview 870 539.213 39.690 6,190 0.16
• Tri-County-St. Marys 480 1,426.287 104,985 4,280 0.02
BeNue 570 1,080,139 79,506, 4,630 0.06
Wabaunsee 540 866,510 63,781 8,480 0.13
Swamp Angel 520 791,068 58,228 7,620 0.13
Losses of productive value for crop acres presented above are based on current cropping pattern
and crop yields. Sensitivity analysis was performed using the current cropping pattern and maximum
projected yield, and also using only the crops with the highest current productive value. This sensitivity
increased B/C ratios from 10% to 90%, however, none were raised above unity. None of the medium
• structural plans for the six study areas would have benefits exceeding costs. Therefore, Plan A could
not be recommended for further study.
Environmental Assessment. From the aquatic environmental viewpoint, it has been found that toe
protection hard point and wind row revetment would provide a more diverse aquatic substratum. This
would increase invertebrate colonization and fish cover, both of which are limited in the mainstream
Kansas River. Dikes and hardpoint structures may allow the formation of scour holes at their tips re-
sulting in deep water habitats for fish, and flow patterns behind these structures may create shallow
backwater areas where aquatic communities can develop until prohibitive siltation occurs. Structures
would also increase fisherman access to the river.
Adverse aquatic impacts are also possible. While bank stabilization structures may result in in-
creases in streambank vegetation and wildlife habitat due to accretion of sediment and bank protec-
tion, significant losses of water surface area can occur, especially when dikes are used. Notches placed
in dikes can help relieve this problem. Stone fill revetments and dikes can also increase current veloci-
ties and decrease channel capacities.
From a terrestrial standpoint, Plan A would permit preservation of 1,535 acres of non-cropland area
which presently provides substantial wildlife habitat. However, implementation of the plan would •
require disturbance of a portion (less than 10 percent)of that area including riparian timberland. Other
adverse impacts would be increased siltation during construction and negative visual impact.
PLAN B - LIGHT STRUCTURAL
This plan consists of using only hardpoints as a means of protection at the six severe erosion sites.
Hardpoints would be spaced at 600 foot intervals to provide protection to approximately 50 miles of
eroding banks. This plan is to be considered the minimum structural effort which would be expected to
hold existing bank lines. At the most rapidly migrating bends, there is a possibility that additional work
may be required if hardpoints do not hold.
Economic Analysis. This plan would protect the same area as Plan A, and would provide identical
benefits. The major difference in the economic value of the two plans is that the heavier measures in
Plan A provide greater assurance against high future maintenance and repair costs in the event that a
severe flood or sustained high flows should occur. Table B-6 summarizes costs and benefits of Plan B.
As with Plan A, this plan was analyzed for sensitivity to cropping pattern and yield. However, even
with more valuable crops and higher yields none of the six areas would have a B/C ratio above unity., •
• Plan B could not be recommended for further study. A detailed analysis is presented in Appendix 10. •
•
B-15
•
No assessment of the economic or environmental attributes has been made by the Kansas City
District. Again, reference is made to the HCRS assessment in Appendix 7.
• COMBINATION PLANS
No assessment has been made at this time on combination plans E, F, and G. Plan E would
combine vegetative management with light structural measures. Plan F and plan G would combine the
recreation river concept with vegetative management and structural measures. In view of the low
benefit/cost ratio demonstrated by plan A, the medium structural plan, it is apparent that plan G would
probably not have a benefit-cost ratio above unity.
; Plan G would probably not have a benefit-cost ratio above unity. •
Streamflow regulation should also be studied further as a possible option for other plans and as a
plan of its own. Studies are presently nearing completion concerning relationships between lake opera-
tion and downstream flow conditions at the existing Federal lakes. These studies should lead to some
conclusions regarding the potential effects of modification of release schedules.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the preliminary assessment which has been completed, no purely structural plans
for bank stabilization are economically justified. It is further concluded that there are no environmental
benefits to those structural plans which would result in an overall net favorable ratio of benefits to
costs. Plans A and B will not be studied further. No conclusions have been reaches for nonstructural or
combination plans.
RECOMMENDATIONS •
With regard to nonstructural plans and combination plans, ongoing studies of plans C, D, E, and F
should be continued. Plan G would not be studied further unless plan F is found to be feasible for
certain areas. It is anticipated that conclusive results as the merits of these plans will be available in
early Fiscal Year 1981. Similarly, studies to better document causes and effects of bank erosion will con-
tinue in Fiscal Year 1981.
REFERENCE LIST
See Appendix II Channel Migration.
•
•
•
B-17
SECTION C
WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT
•
WATER SUPPLY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Page
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION C-1
Introduction C-1
. Existing Conditions C-1
Population C-1
Climate C-2
Water Availability C-2
. Water Quality C-5
Institutional Considerations C-7
Conditions if No Federal (Corps) Action Taken C-12
Problems and Needs C-13
Long-Term Water Requirements C-13
Sources C-14
Treatment and Distribution C-17
• Drought C-18
Sedgwick County C-19
Institutions C-20
Planning Objectives C-22
' FORMULATION OF PRELIMINARY PLANS C-22
Alternative Management Measures . C-22
' , Managing Water Demand Through Water Saving Practices C-23
Recycling Washwater and Coagulation-Sedimentation Basin Waste Water C-24
Reducing Distribution System Losses C-24
Reuse by Industry C-24
Recycling Wastewater C-24
Dual Water Systems C-25
Pricing and/or Metering C-25
Short-Term Mandatory Use Restrictions C-25
Groundwater Sources(Well Field Expansions) C-25 .
Flowing Sources and Diversions C-26
Large Lakes, Small Lakes, and Diversions C-26
Distribution Systems and Transmission Mains C-28
Water Treatment Plant Additions or Expansions C-29
Screening C-30
Plans of Others C-30
Kansas State Water Plan C-31
Southeast Kansas Water Supply Study C-31
Kansas"208"Water Quality Management Plan C-31
Four Rivers Resource Conservation and Development Plan C-31
Lake Region Resource Conservation and Development Plan C-31
1111.
C-i.
Ir
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
•
• FIGURES !
No. Title Page
C-1 Average Annual Precipitation for Kansas C-4
C-2 Precipitation Deficiency, 1952 thrugh 1956 C-5 II
C-3 Areas Underlain with Groundwater and Generalized Well Yields in Study Area Counties C-6
C-4 Water Quality Discussion Areas - C-7
C-5 Kansas Rural Water Districts, 1967 C-11
C-6 Kansas Rural Water Districts, 1975 C-12
C-7 1975 Public Water Supply Usage by Category C-14
C-8 Public Water Supply Usage Estimates Over Time C-15
C-9 Public Water Supply Needs Above 1975 Usage C-16
C-10 Public Water Supplies With Problems C-17
C-11 Potential Small Lake Sites C-29
C-12 Measures Considered for a Conservation Plan C-33
C-13 Typical Plan Utilization of Small Impoundments C-34
• C-14 Utilization of Federal Lakes -Case 1 Area of Demand in Close Proximity to Lake C-34
C-15 Utilization of Federal Lakes-Case 2 Area of Demand Removed from Lake C-35
C-16 Utilization of Federal Lakes-Case 3 Interconnection of Large Lakes C-35
C-17 Utilization of Federal Lakes-Case 4 Downstream Releases C-36
C-18 Utilization of Groundwater a Typical Approach _ C-37
C-19 Diversion Alternatives for Sedgwick County C-39
•
•
••
C-iii
•
J '
. 1
SECTION C
WATER SUPPLY
. ,
• PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
INTRODUCTION
Many rural areas and cities throughout Kansas have suffered water shortages and physical hard-
ships during the severe and even moderate droughts of recent and past years. Existing municipal and
industrial water supplies are proving to be inadequate to meet current needs, let alone meeting in- •
creased demands of the future; small cities and other water supplying agencies often lack the financial
ability to assure themselves of a reliable supply to meet present needs during severe droughts and to
provide for future reserves. This description reinforces the need for a study of water supply within an
area which may generally be described as northeast Kansas with a portion of southeast and southcen-
tral Kansas included. It is the most populous portion of the State. The specific study area is shown on
Plate A-1, and the counties included were previously listed on page A-2.
This study is a planning effort meant to provide guidance for Federal, State, and local entities
which deal with municipal and industrial water supply. The level of planning does not extend to detailed
! engineering studies for any planned improvements. Improvements would be included in a broad range
of alternative measures including sources, treatment, distribution, conservation practices, institutional
modifications, etc. All possible measures considered shall be discussed.
• , That which follows is the first iteration of planning for water supply for the total study area. It be-
gins with a description of existing conditions, continues to a discussion of problems and needs, plan
formulation with discussion of preliminary plans, assessment and evaluation of those plans, public
views stemming from review of this report, and finally the conclusions reached during this first
planning iteration.
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Population. The 1970 population within the 38-county water supply study area was 1,502,719. This
population represents 67 percent of the Kansas total, although the study area comprises 31 percent of
the State. Table C-1 shows State and study area population data from 1950 to 1970. It is apparent that
the majority of the counties experienced declining populations during the 20-year period.
- TABLE C-1
, POPULATION, 1950-1970
County 1950 1960 1970 County 1950 1960 1970
Anderson 10,267 9,035 8,501 Linn 10,053 8,274 7,770
Atchison 21,496 20,898 19,165 Marshall 17,926 15,598 13,139
Bourbon 19,153 16,090 15,215 McPherson 23,670 24.285 24.778
Brown 14,651 13,229 11,685 Miami 19,698 19.884 19,254
Clay 11,697 10.675 9,890 Mitchell 10,320 8,866 8,010
Cloud 16,104 14,407 13,466 Nemaha 14,341 12,897 11,825 1
I Dickinson 21,190 21,572 19,993 Osage 12,811 12,886 13,352
Doniphan 10,499 9,574 9,107 Osborne 8,558 7.506 6,416
! Douglas 34,086 43,720 57,932 Ottawa 7,265 6,779 6.183
Ellsworth 8,465 7,677 6,146 Pottawatomie 12,344 11.957 11,755
• Franklin 19,928 19,548 20,007 Republic 11,478 9,768 8,498
Geary 21,671 28,779 28,111 Riley 33,405 41,914 56,788
Harvey 21,698 25,865 27,236 Russell 13,406 11,348 9.428
• Jackson 11,098 10,309 10,342 Saline 33,409 54,715 46,592
Jefferson 11,084 • 11,252 11,945 Sedgwick 222,290 343,231 350,694
Jewell 9,698 7,217 6,099 Shawnee 105,418 141.286 155,322
Johnson 62,183 143,792 217,662 Wabaunsee 7,212 6.648 6,397
Leavenworth 42,361 48,524 53,340 Washington 12,977 10,739 9,249
Lincoln 6,643 5,556 4.582 Wyandotte 165.318 185,495 186,845
C-1 . -
25 Jn 30 34
•
i
J
-. 4l0
r.
if .,
il • ,
..4 ,
26 2 30 32 34 38 38 4
Source: Reference No. 1.
FIGURE C-1
AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION FOR KANSAS
(IN INCHES)
1941.1970
Bureau of Reclamation) lakes in Kansas, either complete or under construction. Provisions of the Water
Supply Act of 1958 authorize both the Corps of Engineers and the WPRS to provide additional capacity
in lakes for municipal and industrial water supply needs. The Soil Conservation Service also has author-
ity to include water supply storage in SCS project. Non-Federal interests must agree to pay the costs
attributable to the additional storage. Within the study area are 11 of the 24 lakes. They are listed in
Table C-3 below along with pertinent data. It should be noted that to date the Kansas Water Resources
Board (KWRB) acts as broker for most storage in Federal lakes in Kansas. Entities within the State
i make application to the KWRB for water. To date, there exist contracts for 593,200 acre-feet of storage
in 5 of the 11 lakes having an estimated firm (2 percent chance) yield of 252.0 million gallons per day.
The yields shown in Table C-3 are based on KWRB computations for all lakes except Pomona, for which
the yield is based on Corps computations.
The SCS has built one structure within the study area which has water supply storage included.
This is in extreme southeast Dickinson County near the town of Herington. The structure is on Lyon
Creek, has a drainage area of 19.26 square miles, and has 2,144 acre-feet of water supply storage out of
a total structure storage of 8,972 acre-feet.
•
C-3
II
II
1
TABLE C-3
DATA ON FEDERAL LAKES . ;
• Lake Capacity(Acre-Feet) Water Supply 2% Chance ■
Lake Stream Sediment Conservation Flood Control Total Allocation(AF) Weld(MGD) I
Kanopolis Smoky Hill - 61,380" 371,498 432,880
Tuttle Creek Blue 233,000 192,300 1,941,700 2,367,000
Pomona 110-Mile Creek 28,000 70.603 176,773 247,376 1,000 10.2 I
Wilson Saline 40,000 248,835 530,710 817,545
Milford Republican 160,000 415,352 757,746 1,173,098 300,000 128.6
Perry Delaware 140,000 243,220 521,880 765,100 150.000 79.5
Melvern Marais des Cygnes 26.000 137.000 200,000 363,000
Clinton Wakarusa 28,500 110,400 258.300 397.200 89,200 18.8
Lovewell White Rock 16,760 24,930 50,460 92,150 .
• • Waconda Solomon 60,200 178,900 722,315 963,775
Hillsdale Big Bull Creek 11,000 68,000 81,000 160,000 53,000 14.9 1
Includes allocation for sediment. Subject to change if irrigation storage is provided.
TABLE C-4
MUNICIPAL AND WATER DISTRICT IMPOUNDMENTS
City or
District County Impoundment Name Storage(acre-feet) Year Built 1
Horton Brown Mission Lake 1,075 1924
Herington Dickinson Lake Herington 1,764 1924 1
Holton Jackson Prairie Lake 675 1948
Oskaloosa Jefferson Lake Oskaloosa 160 1953
Sabetha Nemaha - 1,255 1936
RWD N6 Shawnee - 614 1964
RWD#8 Shawnee Lake Jivaro 1,035 1964 1
Alma Wabaunsee - 1,022 1967 1
Groundwater also is a major source of water in Kansas. It has been estimated that there is 400 to ,
500 million acre-feet of water in storage beneath the surface of the State of Kansas, or enough water to
cover the entire State to a depth of approximately 10 feet. Perhaps no more than half of this is available I
for utilization. Over 65 percent of this water is located in the western third of the State. This.is in con-
trast to the surface water supplies which are primarily available in the eastern half of the State. Figure
C-3 indicates the areas underlain with groundwater in substantial quantities; the map also indicates the
potential yield which may be expected from the groundwater sources.
The greatest yields within the study area are found in the alluvial deposits of the Missouri, Kansas,
and Republican Rivers where potential yields may exceed 1,000 gallons per minute (g.p.m.) but general- '
ly are in the range of 500-1,000 g.p.m. However, much of the area in the eastern part of the State has 1
little available groundwater, no definable water table, or groundwater which is too highly mineralized
' for domestic use. In summary, the general absence of reliable groundwater sources in the study area ,
has, in part, discouraged their use for municipal and industrial demands of any significant magnitude
within the study area.
Water Quality. Water quality can vary greatly, even in proximate areas, depending on such factors
as geologic and geographic characteristics and land use. For this reason water quality discussion is i '
separated into five sub-areas which are given in Figure C-4. The areas deviate somewhat from the total
study area as previously shown to facilitate discussion. Lake quality is not discussed; however, it can I
generally be assumed that impounded waters are suitable for all purposes. Exceptions are noted.
• Surface Quality-Area 1-In general, surface waters within the Osage River basin are of good ,
• '
quality; however, a wide variation in streamflow may produce changes during periods of low flow that
C-5
i
1 T 1
AREA'4 j°a"^•• li
tioYYrYarr ,
EA _ 'AREA l
!AREA\ 2r man
*
1 - •flJtl —'�I•LMl[Y
Neoul �-----� .NARY- •1AR T 1
UINR react
W11H
4L_Th
aAe PISS LN M-
raltg1 ii
Source: Reference No. 4.
FIGURE C-4
• WATER QUALITY DISCUSSION AREAS
• Surface Quality—Area 3—Except during high flow periods, the lower reaches of the Solomon and
Saline Rivers are highly mineralized, with sodium and chloride concentrations being the principal con-
stituents. The Saline picks up most of its mineralization through Russell County. Wilson Lake quality is
highly mineralized and is not usable as a potable water source. Smoky Hill River water varies consi-
derably in chemical quality throughout its course, and receives a large inflow of chlorides between
Salina and Abilene. The surface water quality characteristics of the Saline and Smoky Hill Rivers have
been influenced by the operation of the Corps of Engineers lakes. A more detailed discussion of water
quality in this area is provided in Section D, Mineral Intrusion.
• Groundwater Quality—Area 3—In northern Cloud County, the groundwater from alluvial deposits
is high in chlorides. In the Solomon and Saline drainage areas the groundwater supplies are more min-
eralized than surface flows; in Mitchell County water is too mineralized for most uses.
. • Surface Quality—Area 4— The quality of surface water generally is satisfactory for domestic use, �
although quite hard.
• Groundwater Quality—Area 4—The water within this area is hard but otherwise of usable quality. ',
Groundwater from glacial drift aquifers may be high in iron.
• Surface Quality-Area 5—All major tributaries of the lower Arkansas River are high in chlorides
and dissolved solids at times of low flows.
• Groundwater Quality-Area 5—Much of the groundwater underlying the lower Arkansas Basin is
of good quality and totally suitable for municipal and industrial supplies.
Institutional Considerations. Water may be supplied on a private, individual basis, or on a collective
basis, usually public. There has been and continues to be a trend toward the collective approach where-
by a legally instituted entity (public or private) plans and implements a system capable of delivering
potable water to customers. Illustration of the importance of these water suppliers is not difficult.
•
C7
•, it
Among Federal agencies, the following five have a role in water supply planning or construction.
• Corps of Engineers. This agency may include municipal and industrial water supply storage in
dam and lake projects. Of nine Corps lakes existing or under construction in the study area, five have
• water supply storage. State or local interest must pay for the cost of the storage, but may do so over a
50-year period.
• Water and Power Resources Service (WPRS). This agency, formerly the Bureau of Reclamation,
may include municipal and industrial water supply in dam and lake projects constructed principally for
irrigation. The WPRS has built two lakes, Waconda and Lovewell, in the study area but neither includes
water supply storage. •
• Soil Conservation Service(SCS). The SCS may include up to 12,500 acre-feet of water supply stor-
age in flood retarding structures under their PL 566 watershed program. Only one existing SCS struc-
. ture in the study area has water supply storage. It is on Lyon Creek near Herrington in southeast '
Dickinson County.
• Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). This agency is responsible for protecting and enhancing
environmental quality and carrying out pollution control functions. It is also charged with administering
the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, including the establishing of primary drinking water standards.
a
� 4 v
' �'
{ a
•
LAKES ARE POTENTIAL SOURCES FOR WATER SUPPLY
•
C-9
•
• Division of Environment, Department of Health and Environment—Among other duties, this
agency has review, permit, and inspection authorities concerning local water supply agencies. It also i'.
has the authority to set primary drinking water standards. I'
Local water supply authorities are summarized in Table C-7. Among local institutions, the number
�
•
and size of rural water districts have greatly increased over the past 10 to,20 years. Figures C-5 and C-6
illustrate this increase. i,
A new local authority for public wholesale water supply districts was created by the State in 1977.
These districts can operate on a larger scale than individual agencies in the securing of a source of ■
water. Three such districts have been established.
•
• TABLE C-7
LOCAL WATER SUPPLY AUTHORITIES .
Entity Authority Current Use In Study Area
Private Water Company N.S.A. 66-104(1974) Limited
' Municipality N.S.A. 12-801 (1974) Extensive
Rural Water Supply District N.S.A. 82a-601 (1974) Limited
Rural Water District K.S.A. 62a-613(1974) Extensive
• Public Wholesale Water Supply District N.S.A. 19-3545 Limited
Water Supply and Distribution District K.S.A. 82a-637 (1974) Limited
Watershed District N.S.A. 24-901 Limited
Districts in Certain Counties under
100,000 N.S.A. 19-3531 Limited
• . Johnson County Wholesale Water Supply
District K.S.A. 19-3514 et seq.
(1974) Limited
Source: Reference No. 7.
I 1 I —' 1 I 1
Wait
• DIN P LIC yI [�N :r
. _�.�--• STO_N YAYf .Ina ANA 17
1 . 7•J �TCYYON\
I r •
,OpONNF •Yjycse -� CLAT �/j./
orTA.A
LINCOLN '[[MY r
- 1DICNNNON( I-- ,
NWefLL ' 1/ �[••'wNOfF - u`INf� •
SALOP � '
p 1fLLwAONTM
O•A LOI 1
1
YnPM[N[ON
W.
ANOFN•CN L ,
- 1
NARVEY
SEDOMIC[ I
Source: Reference No. 1.
FIGURE C-5
•
• KANSAS RURAL WATER DISTRICTS, 1967
1.
C-11
Water availability is projected to be a concern into the future. Both quantity and quality factors will
constrain water availability. There are several surface and groundwater supplies with high degrees of
reliability, and the State of Kansas has, and is, participating in multipurpose lake development with the it
• Federal Government. However, many areas are not located close enough to the reliable supplies to
make their use economical on a single agency basis. There are, then, distribution problems which will
continue. Water quality needs have been established for several areas, with mineral intrusion being the i�
most prominent. Correcting or alleviating the availability needs is expensive and generally beyond of II
means those directly impacted. Consequently no significant changes can be projected. 1,
The State of Kansas will continue to be a strong force in water resource planning. There is no indi-
cation at the present time that the State will become directly involved in the financing or construction
of water supply systems. The State government has always been water-conscious since water has been
a major factor in the State's economy and quality of life. There is also a realization that the future of
Kansas will largely be shaped by the manner in which this resource is conserved and managed. In this
respect it is difficult to assume a static condition, but one in which the State may exert increasing influ-
ence. The degree to which State involvement is exhibited will have an affect on the accuracy of this ,
initial forecast.
Finally, water supply conservation in residential, commercial, and industrial usage must be consid-
ered a factor in development of the "without condition," even though its impact cannot yet be defined. ' �
Supplying agencies which face an expensive capital improvements program may elect to pursue conser-
vation techniques which permit a delay in construction. Conservation will also increase as a response to
the increasing awareness that water is too valuable a resource to waste. As the study progresses, steps
will be taken to determine the future role of conservation within the study area to the end of producing
of more accurate picture of actions that will be taken to satisfy future needs.
PROBLEMS AND NEEDS
Problems and needs may be associated with the source of supply, which may be a flowing water-
course, groundwater, or an impoundment of some type; the treatment of the supply to potable stand-
ards; or the distribution of the potable supply to customers or to an area of demand. They may also be
associated with the institutional aspects of supplying water. Financing is an institutional consideration a
of great importance. It is the purpose of this subsection to describe those defined problems and needs II
of the study area toward which this study should be directed.
Long Term Water Requirements. Projected water supply needs have been compiled by the Kansas
Water Resources Board. Survey data on urban and rural domestic demands were used to estimate
public water supply demand for future years.
Urban domestic, rural domestic, and industrial water uses from public water systems in 1975 are
shown in Figure C-7. Within the study area urban domestic usage was estimated to be 53.2 billion gal-
Ions per year, or 146 million gallons per day; people living in rural areas used about 7.1 billion gallons
per year, or 19 million gallons per day; and, industries obtaining their water from public systems ac-
counted for an additional 103 billion gallons per year, or 29 million gallons per day. Figure C-8 shows
anticipated demands for 1985 and 2000 for the study area. Total water usage is forecast to increase from
70.7 billion gallons annually in 1975 to 82.6 billion gallons in 1985 and to 98.0 billion gallons by the turn of
the century. Converted to a million gallons per day unit, the increases are from 191.4 in 1975 to 223.8 in
1985 and 266.1 in the year 2000. ' ,
Figure C-9 provides data concerning public water supply needs above 1975 usage for 1985 and 2000
and is developed from the previous two figures. Needs were identified by making the assumption that '
present supplies would meet 1975 needs but additional demands for 1985 and 2000 would represent an
unfulfilled need. The 1975 water use for the study area was estimated at 194 million gallons per day.
Based upon the assumptions made in the analysis, water demands are expected to increase by 32
million gallons per day by 1985 and 76 million gallons per day by 2000.
There is a great disparity in future needs on a county by county basis. The heavy water supply
demand areas of Sedgwick County and the counties along the Kansas River corridor with population
centers at Salina, Junction City, Topeka, Lawrence, and in Johnson and Wyandotte Counties, all show
• high values for future needs. This indicates at least the expansion of treatment and distribution sys-
C-13
•
•
short-term water supply situation in Kansas. Figure C-10 displays the problems of shortage and quality
while also showing the location of the need. In many cases the quantity and quality problems are
clustered together. Such clustering indicates locations where needs are greatest and alternative
solutions involving several public supplies might be possible. A listing of supplies with problems is in
• Appendix 1. 11
1'
1
1
I.
I
• • •
•
AWLS _ •TONE L.A. '•
0. -1: . MINS • : Tear‘‘ i
LHINIIII V
t•U N•A •
• •
••
•• ILNOOLN ypNM r "•Y UIY [ _ ;aO0,, • T , r .4,I • [ N
•
7� •
[LL •OITN, ^ ••• .
f
'�Y�RRAN[LN,MIAM A
.fS I • .
••• •`
• 'f
McNRnON
W WON LNN.
IIMV[Y • .1
POMPON
t
LEGEND
QUANTITY—• Source: Reference No. 6.
QUALITY —•
• I
i
FIGURE C-10
PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES WITH PROBLEMS
Treatment and Distribution System Problems. Some public water supply problems are caused by •I
inadequate treatment and distribution facilities rather than by inadequate sources. A treatment plant ,'
must not only produce potable water capable of meeting Federal and State quality standards, but also
have sufficient capacity to keep up with peak demands which usually occur during the summer with
such activities as lawn watering or car washing.When an increase in required capacity is required for a
future year, planning and construction lead time should be enough to insure completion by the time the
need materializes. Although no data was gathered on the condition and capacity of each treatment faci-
lity within the study area, it is usually the case that smaller public supplies in rural areas have the
greatest difficulty in monitoring capacity needs and then increasing capacity by the critical time. This
• stems from a lack of planning expertise and funds to make the improvement.
C-17
.
Table C-8 presents a summary by county of the relative susceptibility to drought by public supplies. I�
. Only 14 high susceptibilities were noted. Considering that several components of the supply mechanism
were considered in assessment, and with the knowledge of the many problems which surfaced during ii
the moderate drought of 1976-1977, this number may be rather low. Referring to Figure C-10, which . '
• located the quantity and quality problems resulting from a 1977 questionnaire, the differences are more
apparent. '
TABLE C-8
DROUGHT SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PUBLIC SUPPLIES
• Estimated Susceptibility to Drought
County Low Up to Moderate Up to High
• Anderson 4 3
Atchison 6 0
Bourbon 4 2
• Brown 6 0
•Clay . 6 • 1
Cloud Not Studied
Dickinson 5 0
Doniphan 9 • 0
Douglas 6 1 ,
Ellsworth • Not Studied
Franklin 10 0
Geary 5 0
Jackson 6 1
Jefferson 7 . 0
Jewell • Not Studied
Johnson 8 0
Leavenworth 10 0
• Lincoln Not Studied
Linn 6 2
Marshall 8 2 •
Miami • 1 0
Mitchell Not Studied .
Nemaha 6 0
Osage 10 1
Osborne Not Studied
•
' Ottawa Not Studied
Pottawatomie 5 4 1
Republic Not Studied
Riley • 7 0 0
Russell Not Studied
Saline Not Studied
• • Sedgwick Not Studied
Shawnee • 14 1 0
Wabaunsee 4 3 0
• Washington 8 0 0
Wyandotte 3 0 0 •
• Total 164 51 14
Source: Reference#5.
Sedgwick County.Some explanation of the inclusion of Sedgwick County is appropriate for back-
ground information. Sedgwick County, including the Wichita urban area, is a high water demand'
location with a future need for additional supply.
• .
• C-19
•
u
TABLE C-9
DECISION CONTENT CATEGORIES
Category Representative Questions to be Resolved
• I. Source System Planning and Development The creation of additional water supply sources:
• A. Institutional Structure How is the planning and development effort to be organized?
B. Investment Programing What is forecast demand for water?
•
What schedule of timing and sizing of additional sources shall be used to meet forecast
demand?
To what extent should other purposes be associated with water source development?
C. Physical Planning and Engineering What are the technical requirements in satisfying forecast demand?
What are the preferred design solutions to these requirements?
D. Long Term Financing Who will provide long term project investment capital, and on what basis?
II. Source System Management The operation and management of existing and proposed water supply sources. •
A. Operating Policies and Administration How shall operating procedures be organized, including:
—Protection of water source
—Monitoring of plan water quality
—Equipment maintenance
—Record keeping and reporting
—Personnel administration and supervision
—Policy decision-making .
—Community relations
What policies will be followed in these areas?
B. Associated Uses What mechanism will be used to coordinate water supply activities with others in a '
multipurpose project?What policies will be followed?
C. Financial Policies and Administration What is the annual budget for source system management?
With whom and under what terms should supply contracts be entered into with other
systems?
III. Treatment/Distribution (addition of new facilities) The creation of, or addition to, facilities for treatment, distribution, storage, and delivery
of water:
A. Institutional Structure How is the planning and development effort to be organized?
How will this effort be financed?
B. Investment Programing To what areas should water service be extended?
What should be the timing of proposed extensions?
C. Physical Planning and Engineering What are the preferred design solutions for water service extensions?
Are planned investments in service area expansion consistent with local and •
• comprehensive planning?
D. Long Term Financing Who will provide long term project investment capital, and on what basis?
IV. Treatment/Distribution
(operation of existing facilities) The operation and management of existing and proposed water treatment, distribution
storage, and delivery facilities:
A. Operating Policies and Administration How shall operating procedures be organized, including:
—Mechanical inspection and maintenance
—Treatment control
—Water quality sampling and testing
—Meter reading
—Record keeping and reporting
—Certification of operators
—Policy decision-making
—Personnel administration
—Community relations
B. Drinking Water Quality Standards What tests should be used? .
•
How often should they be performed? •
What standards are maintained?
C. Financial Policies and Administration What is the annual budget for system management?
What schedule or user rates and fees is imposed?
• How are purchases approved?
What accounting system is used? •
What policies are followed in billings and collections?
•
C-21
•
Not all measures will be appropriate for water supply plans for the study area. It is important that
all be listed as background information to the plan formulation process. The following types of alter-
natives were examined:
• Managing water demand through residential water saving practices; ,.
• • recycling filter washwater and coagulation—sedimentation wastewater;
• reducing distribution system losses;
• reuse by industry;
• recycling wastewater;
• dual water systems;
• pricing and/or metering;
• short-term mandatory use restrictions;
• groundwater sources; •
• flowing streams and diversions;
• • lakes, impoundments and diversions;
• distribution systems&transmission mains;
• water treatment plant additions or expansions.
The following discussion considers each of these measures in turn. Generally, a combination of the
measures will provide the best solution for a specific situation. Likewise a combination would usually be
most appropriate for inclusion in a plan which must address a number of needs.
Managing Water Demand Through Residential Water Saving Practices. There are many ways in
which residential water users may reduce use. Table C-10 lists the five basic categories of residential
use and the nation-wide averages for relative percentage of domestic, or in-house, use and total resi-
dential
use.
TABLE C-10 .
RESIDENTIAL WATER USE BY CATEGORY
Average Water Use
Category Domestic Total Residential •
•
Drinking and Cooking 5% 4%
Laundry and Dishes 20% 17%
Bathing and Personal 35% 30%
Toilets 40% 34%
Lawn Sprinkling, other outside uses — 15%
Total 100% 100%
Water saving fixtures and appliances are now sold which are capable of reducing water use while
performing as well as their water-wasting counterparts. Shower, lavatory, and sink fittings with built-in
flow regulators and valves have the widest application. Flow regulating shower heads could reduce the
amount used for bathing by as much as 50 percent. There are also waterless toilets. Since it is esti-
mated that toilet flushing accounts for 40% of in-home water use, elimination of this quantity of water
would result in dramatic water savings. Most waterless toilets use chemical additives for decomposi-
tion; however, there is now a model on the market which employs the biological process. Local ordi-
nances would have to be reviewed prior to implementation of such a water-saving technique. Dish-
washers and clothes washers have now been modified to reduce the rinse waters required. Recent
studies have shown that complete use of water-saving fixtures and appliances could reduce total water
use in the average household by as much as 35 percent and savings for commercial and business estab-
lishments could be as high as 50 percent.
There are several legal actions which may have some applicability in a program of conservation.
The legal action would be in the form of various types of legislation which can be placed in the following
three categories: permissive, restrictive, and tax incentives/disincentives.
Permissive legislation could involve:
• modification of building codes and state health and water quality laws to allow the use of recycled
• water for domestic or other needs;
• allowing the construction of dual water supply systems;
• • allowing the use of new technological advances such as waterless toilets.
C-23
•
'1
adequate mixing and reduction of any contaminants by dilution to levels that permit attainment of
standards after treatment in a water treatment plant. Such treatment must be technically and
economically feasible.
Dual Water Systems. It is estimated that as little as 10 percent of the water used in a water supply
• system actually needs to be treated to potable standards of quality. Uses such as lawnwatering and •
firefighting would not require potable water. A dual system, then, would separate supplies into potable
and non-potable categories.
Parallel mains would need to be constructed and this would be a complicated procedure requiring •
extensive disruption in developed areas. Many political, technical, and financial problems would be
associated with the implementation of such systems.
Pricing and/or Metering. Modifications in pricing policies become possible when there is universal
metering. Most water supply agencies still assess progressively lower charges per unit as more water is
. consumed. This is termed "declining block" water pricing. Therefore, there is little incentive to reduce
use because the average unit price of supply becomes cheaper as more water is used. Many believe
that this policy should be reversed, so that higher charges per unit would be assessed as more units
were consumed. This would amount to a financial penalty for excessive consumption and be an incen-
tive for individual conservation. Efficiency would also be improved by pricing policies which charged
more at time of peak demand and less at slack demand. The peak demands observed during hot, dry
periods cause water supply agencies to develop system capabilities far in excess of what would be
developed for average use periods. Modifications to pricing policies could help to insure that those
customers with the greatest demand would be those paying the incremental costs of the development
•
of oversized systems. Such policies would be especially beneficial in reducing sprinkling demands in an
area such as northeastern Johnson County where a high percentage of use is residential.
Some cities do not meter water use by individual consumers and accordingly have no way of meas-
uring water use and charging for the amount used. Instead when no meters are used it is common
practice to charge a flat rate for water service, e.g. the same charge regardless of the amount of water
used. Without the ability to charge for the amount used, which the installation of meters offers, there is
no financial incentive for customers to conserve. Just the physical presence of a meter encourages the
user to be more aware of the amount of water being used and wasted. A decrease in usage results and
there is some evidence that the decrease will remain fairly constant over time. Several studies have
been completed which have attempted to evaluate metered versus non-metered, flat rate usage. In
parts of Washington, D.C., when meters were introduced, there was a decrease in usage of about 36
percent.
Another study of 35 cities, some of which were predominantly metered and some not, showed the
metered cities' per capita use was less than half that of the unmetered cities.
Short-term Mandatory Use Restrictions. During times of crisis, cities often resort to mandatory use
restrictions. These restrictions may be bans on certain outside uses, for example lawn sprinkling or car
washing. In times of severe or more prolonged shortage, restrictions may be applied to total residential .
use. There is usually strong public acceptance for such measures where restrictions are reasonable and
equitable, and where a demonstrable crisis exists.
Groundwater Sources (Well Field Expansions). Groundwater is used extensively in the study area.
Figure C-3 on page C-6 may be referred to for location and estimated yields.
The Missouri River alluvium is the most reliable groundwater source of the study area. Spacing of
wells would be important in maximizing the yield. The quality is consistent and is generally not influ-
enced by surface water quality. The development potential of this source is great.
The Kansas and Republican River alluvium yields are small in comparison to that of the Missouri
River alluvium. Also, both the quantity and quality of the water are influenced by surface flows. How-
ever, they should still be considered as two of the more reliable sources of the study area. Again, well
spacing would be important in maximizing yields. There are other groundwater sources used by the
smaller water supply agencies and they may be categorized as tributary alluvia, glacial drift, and sand-
stone and consolidated rock aquifers. None of these sources have the potential of providing a safe yield
of much more than one mgd and most provide much less. Even though the development potential of
these sources is not great, some are adequate for small agencies that are not expecting rapid and
• sustained growth. Specific yield data on these sources are limited.
C-25
•
TABLE C-11 ;
STATUS OF EXISTING FEDERAL LAKES FOR WATER SUPPLY •
•
Lake Constmction
Agency Authorization Status Use of Storage
Kanopolis CE Water supply was not initially author- The multipurpose pool is operated for recreation and mainte-
ized. In 1976 Congress authorized a nance of minimum streamflows. Interest in use of storage for
modification of the project to include water supply has been expressed by the cities of Salina, McPher-
irrigation, water supply, and other son,and Wichita;by the Post Rock RWD; and by Kansas Power
purposes. and Light Co.
' Tuttle Creek CE Water supply is not an autorized pur- The multipurpose pool is operated for recreation and streamflow
pose. maintenance, primarily for Missouri River navigation. At the re-
.
quest of the KWRB, releases can be made for water quality im-
provement. Interest in water supply has been expressed by
Kansas Power and Light Company and RWD No. 1 of Riley County.
• Pomona CE Water supply was not initially author- The multipurpose pool is operated primarily for recreation and
ized. In 1964, the Chief of Engineers streamflow maintenance. Two water supply users have con-
allocated 1,000 acre-feet of multipur- tracted with the Corps for storage. RWD No. 3 of Osage County
• pose storage to water supply under contracted for 230 acre-feet in 1964 and a total of 500 acre-feet
• discretionary authority. in 1979 and RWD No.9 os Osage County contracted ro 400 acre-
feet in 1979 and 1980.
•
Wilson CE Water supply is not an authorized pur- The multipurpose pool is operated for recreation and streamflow
pose. Irrigation storage is authorized, maintenance, Irrigation storage is not used because of the high
but has not been used. • salinity of the lake water. Interest in water supply use has been
expressed by three power companies.
Milford CE 300,000 acre-feet of storage was in- The multipurpose pool is operated for recreation and streamflow
cluded for future water supply subse- maintenance. In 1974,the KWRB contracted with the Corps,for
quent to passage of P.L.85-500,the the entire water supply storage amount for future use.No use has
Water Supply Act of 1958. yet been made and the Corps will continue to operate the pool '
• for other than water supply until initial use. Multipurpose opera-
ation began in 1967 and the end of the interest free period was
• February 1977. Interest in water supply has been expressed by
Abilene, Fort Riley, Junction City, Salina, McPherson, Wichita,
Kansas Power and Light Company,and Equus Beds Groundwater
Management District No. 2. Amounts requested total 131.7
mgd.,slightly more than the firm yield of 128.6 mgd.
Perry CE 150,000 acre-feet of storage was in- The multipurpose pool is operated for recreation and streamflow . .
cluded for future water supply•subse- maintenance. In 1977 the KWRB contracted for the entire water
quent to passage of P. L. 85-500,the supply storage amount for future use.No use has yet been made
Water Supply Act of 1958. under dis- and the Corps will continue to operate the pool for other than
cretionary authority. water supply until initial use. Multipurpose operation began in
1969,and the interest-free period ended in April 1979.Interest in
use has been expressed by Johnson County W. D. No. 1, al-
. • though near-term use by the agency is doubtful because of its
• decision to use the Missouri River as a major source. Interest in .
small withdrawals has been expressed by two other potential
users.
Melvern CE Water supply was not specifically au- The multipurpose pool has been operated for recreation and
thorized,although 90,000 acre-feet of streamflow maintenance. Interest in water supply has been ex-
storage was allocated for water quality pressed by Osage City,RWDs Nos.4 and 8 of Osage County,and
and 47,000 acre-feet was allocated for Public Wholesale WSD No.2.
recreation.
•
C-27
i• •
• . i% it ••• LN A .• .
,,w
an � •
self.'• ' un MA T ••F r �97-•
'
• °4• ;\
•
• friiAA .
• r 1 . e1
i
.emu.• •
•
44Anr - • .
a.d� �rfaA •
r.
rarsran1 •
WINO 0.0
Source: Reference No. 6.
FIGURE C-11
POTENTIAL SMALL LAKE SITES •
•
•
Water Treatment Plant Additions or Expansions. This is an obvious addition to the list of alterna-
tive solutions. The manner in which the capacity increase is made makes this an important alternative,
and several arrangements are possible. The large number of agencies currently operating plants may
continue operation; some agencies may choose to discontinue operation in favor of purchasing treated
• water; agencies may modify their treatment processes (but Safe Drinking Water Act standards must be
met); and agencies can anticipate capacity increases, or delay and face operational problems. This is an
alternative that is included in most plans since the action is unavoidable.
Screening. Based on the preceeding initial assessment of possible measures, Table C-12 was pre-
pared to display the relative poential of the measures in solving municipal and industrial water supply
needs.
•
•
C-29
completed at some time. No attempt will be made to cover this myriad of documents, although through-
out the course of the study many will be examined and incorporated where appropriate. The following
paragraphs identify regional studies and reports concerning water supply.
Kansas State.Water Plan. By executive and legislative directives, the Kansas Water Resources
• Board has been charged with the responsibility of the overall coordination of the State's interest in the
development of the water and related land resources. As a result of these directives, the KWRB
initiated studies on a water resources policy and program for the State which includes financial partici-
pation and assistance. This action culminated in the enactment of the State Water Plan in 1965 by the
Kansas Legislature. The State Water Plan is meant to provide a broad policy for the development of a
well-balanced, coordinated, and comprehensive water program. Of particular interest to this report is
the purchase of storage in Federal lakes by the State for the purpose of water supply.
Southeast Kansas Water Supply Study. The Kansas Water Resources Board has been conducting a
cooperative study with the Soil Conservation Service to investigate water supply problems and solu-
tions in the Verdigris, Neosho, and Marais des Cygnes (Osage River as called in this study) basins in
southeast Kansas. The study purpose is to investigate and compare costs for providing water supply to
cities, rural water districts, and rural communities with known supply needs. A broad range of alterna-
tives is being developed to provide a number of choices. This study is similar in scope for southeast
Kansas to the study of northeast Kansas which this Reconnaissance Report documents.
Kansas "208" Water Quality Management Plan. The U. S. Congress, in passage of Public Law
92-500, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, directed the preparation of detailed water quality man-
agement plans which would consider all significant pollution sources including municipal, industrial,
•urban stormwater, agricultural, silviculture!, salt water intrusion, construction, residual pollutants and
the ultimate disposal of wastes such that ground and surface water would be protected. The Congress
further stipulated that States and designated regional areas would utilize these plans in managing pro-
grams for control of discharges from municipal, industrial and feedlot sources. The State of Kansas has
completed an approved Water Quality Management Plan, with recommendations for managing the
various types of pollution into State waters. Planning conducted as a part of this water supply study
must be coordinated with these recommendations.
Four Rivers Resource Conservation and Development Plan. This plan was developed through
assistance of the Soil Conservation Service. The plan includes the counties of Cloud, Ellsworth, Jewell,
Lincoln, Mitchell, Ottawa, Republic, and Saline. The purpose of the planning effort was to evaluate
present resources, their use and availability, and to develop a framework plan of actions to improve
resource use in the future. The plan, completed in 1975, concluded that there was a need to further,
develop water supplies and effectively utilize and distribute existing sources.
• Lake Region Resource Conservation and Development Plan. This plan was developed through
assistance of the Soil Conservation Service. The plan includes the counties of Anderson, Coffey, Frank-
lin, Linn, Miami, and Osage. Coffey County is not included in the study area of this Reconnaissance
Report. The plan was to result in actions, policies, and decisions necessary to provide a productive and
sustained resource base for the participating counties. The plan, completed in 1976, recognized the
water supply needs of the area and recommended a detailed study of existing supplies and future water
needs.
DESCRIPTION OF PRELIMINARY PLANS
The study area is large with over 4®water suppliers and rural communities which planning must
consider. At this stage in the study no attempt is made to develop plans for each portion of the area, in
advance of needed data collection that will support formulation. However, based on examination of the
screening of measures and plans of others, it is possible to establish a range of broad conceptual plans.
The plans can be prepared without necessarily pertaining to a specific area, but haveigenerally applica-
tion throughout the study area if the needs situation warrants. The generalized concepts will be used as
a pattern when detailed plan formulation begins.
•
C-31
•
• WATER SAVING DEVICES METERING
HOOK-UP FEES
.c ._ ( PRICING
REDUCING
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM BUILDING
LOSSES ORDINANCES
USAGE RESTRICTIONS
e PUBLIC EDUCATION
FIGURE C-12
MEASURES CONSIDERED FOR CONSERVATION PLAN
Conceptual Plan 3 is the Use of Large Lakes. The thrust of this plan would be maximum utilization
of those lakes which are located within or near the study area. These lakes were previously shown on
Plate A-1. Transmission is an essential part of this plan and treatment would be included as necessary.
The lakes, of course, were authorized by Congress for specific purposes with specific volumes allocated
to those purposes. The data was previously given in Table C-3 on page C-5. Water supply is not present-
. ly an authorized purpose in all of the lakes. However, no constraints were placed on planning at this
time because of the set allocation for water supply, thus providing flexibility in preparation of plans by
being able to consider a broad range of required water supply storage volumes.
Figures C-14 through C-17 illustrate possible utilizations for the large lakes, each of which may
loosely be described as a plan.
• Figure C-14 shows that demand may be concentrated in close proximity to a large lake. There are
two options available when the distribution and treatment functions are,added. First a number of indi-
vidual suppliers may choose to utilize the lake. The second case involves cooperation among all entities
of the area of demand. All would share in the implementation of treatment and distribution.
Figure C-15 shows what may be the most common plan. Lake location and demand location, which
cannot be planned to correspond, present a situation where pumping of water must occur for some
distance. One lake may be used to supply several areas of demand.
Figure C46 demonstrates the interconnection of large lakes. Where there is an inordinately large
demand in close proximity to a lake which has a limited capacity for water supply, it may be possible to
• link this lake with another having excess capacity. A raw water transmission main is required. It is pos-
• sible, as shown, to make more than a single connection.
• C-33
- k
•
• AREA OF
DEMAND
FIGURE C-15
UTILIZATION OF FEDERAL LAKES - CASE 2 AREA OF DEMAND REMOVED FROM LAKE
3 LL_,SL�n
LARGE
DEMAND DEM
AREA
/1' ( INADEQUATE E
f CAPACITY
•
FIGURE C-16
UTILIZATION OF FEDERAL LAKES - CASE 3 INTERCONNECTION OF LARGE LAKES
• •
C-35
9 WELL FIELD
tr-�'i1' '1T •
• n i �f q TREATMENT _ AREA OF
� `_ _ DEMAND
FIGURE C-18
UTILIZATION OF GROUNDWATER A TYPICAL APPROACH
Conceptual Plan 5 is Treatment and Distribution. Both measure have been discussed to a limited
degree in the previous conceptual plans; however, an expanded discussion is required to provide
necessary detail and to illustrate that these two components may be considered as plans either jointly
or separately. Treatment is usually required to make raw water potable and to be in conformance with
potable standards established by the State of Kansas and the Environmental Protection Agency. Table
C-13 presents the current Primary and Secondary standards. Treatment can most typically be classified
in three categories. They are: (1)conventional; (2) conventional plus softening; and (3) disinfection only.
Only with the utilization of a high quality groundwater should disinfection only be considered.
Treatment usually consists of the processes of pre-sedimentation, coagulation-sedimentation, filtra-
tion, and disinfection. Softening is added if water is considered objectionably hard. In the case of the
study area, several additional processes might be considered as a part of a treatment plan. Mineral
intrusion is a defined problem for certain areas within the larger study area and it is possible that treat-
ment for reduction of sodium and chloride concentrations in a given source may be an alternative to '
development of a new source. In that case ion exchange, distilation, reverse osmosis, or electrodialysis .
may be considered as an additional process. Split treatment may also be considered in which case one
of the four processes listed above would be used for a portion of the water treated while the remainder
would receive normal treatment. The resultant quantities could be mixed to provide a product within
the limits of acceptability.
Treatment, as an integral part of a treatment and distribution scheme, would be on a larger scale
than for a single public supply. A cooperative effort with several suppliers would be likely. This would
occur because of the economies of scale possible with construction of a larger plant, i.e., the cost per
unit of treatment plant capacity would be less.
Conceptual Plan 6 is Diversion to Sedgwick County. This is the most specific of the plans listed as it
is site specific. The area of demand has been identified and the potential sources and means of delivery
determined. The diversion amount could be as high as 50,000 acre-feet per year, which is about 45
million gallons per day. The size of the transmission main would probably be in the 48 to 72 inch
diameter range. The two possible sources are Kanopolis and Milford Lakes.
Figure C-19 shows show some of the routes by which this alternative can be accomplished. As can
be seen, variations include several of the previous types of plans including use of Federal lakes, trans-
mission, interconnection of lakes, and instream release.
Conceptual Plans 7(and up) Involve Useage of Combinations of Other Plans. After a more detailed
evaluation of Conceptual Plans 1 through 6 is complete, it will be possible to combine elements of the
plans in various ways. In all likelihood a combination of conservation measures and structural sources,
along with treatment and distribution, will be the best approach in some parts of the study area.
SUMMARY
Seven different conceptual plans have been presented. With almost every plan the basic tenent is
• to provide sufficient source capacity and this is done in a variety of ways. In some cases sources are
C-37
.
_ CLOUD _ -
.MI T GHELL cl'A O
____1 $ I r; CLAY
(+114.1
,
C _ RILEY
• •'
Saline AVrw
OTTAWA
LINCOLN _ I Man RI I C• GEAR?_�
I
Wi �• ioo
7y 4 to
L
I COUMC/L
N.
AAMOPOL IS SALINE DICKINSON LNOVE
LASE' - _ LI([
ELLSWORTH 'E I MORRIS
illikt; I INK }
iiiii ,� MGPHERS ONIMARION vd°
/ HARVEY Al - ,CHASE _
A 1k.I S YEWNW
L t 4 LAK[
. CNEN(E \ I00
it
RE*, NESEM/N •a LIE(
Soul. iwA Wichita
I
• j__
SEDGWICK BUTLER
SUMNER COWLEY ELK
FIGURE C-19
DIVERSION ALTERATIVES FOR SEDGWICK COUNTY
•
•
.
• .
C-39
TABLE C-14
CAUSATIVE FACTORS (Cont.)
Existing Treatment Diversion to
• Small Large and Sedgwbk
Conservation Lakes Lakes Groundwater Distribution County Combinations
Plan 1 Plan 2 Plan 3 Plan 4 Plan 5 Plan 6 Plan 7
• INSTITUTIONAL
Acquisition • X X X X X X
Easements X X X X X X
Relocations X X X X X
Consolidation X X X X
' Local Cooperation X X X X
Regional Planning X X X X
Regulations X X X X X X
Water Rights X X X X X X
Management Structure X X X X X X
Education X X
OPERATION&MAINTENANCE FACTORS
EQUIPMENT SERVICE X X X X X X X
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT X X X
MAINTENANCE
Recreation Areas X X
Water Quality Protection X X X X
Reservoir Operation and Control X X X X
OUTPUT FACTORS
FLOOD CONTROL X
WATER SUPPLY• X X X X X X X
. IRRIGATION X X
RECREATION X X X
There are many impacts, which even at this stage can be concluded to be significant. It is possible •
to do this because of knowledge of the nature of the measures under consideration. No attempt will be
made to identify specific impacts of the seven plans or their components; instead, general impacts are
summarized below in Table C-15. •
Evaluation usually involves subjectively comparing the beneficial and adverse contributions of each .
alternative plan. Plan impacts, when clearly defined, are analyzed to determine the beneficial or ad-
verse value of the contribution each plan would make when compared with what would happen in the
absence of carrying out any of the plans. Then the relative contributions of the alternative plans are
ranked and traded-off based on professional analysis and the perceptions of the public. At the conclu-
sion of the planning process the results of evaluation provide the bases for selecting the most desirable .
plan. •
At this planning stage, however, evaluation must be less detailed and concentrated on analyses
which determine whether a continuation of the study is warranted. There is also no need to evaluate
each plan individually; rather, they would be examined as a whole. Following is a series of questions, . •
the answers to which will form the basis of determining the future course of the study.
•
C-41
•
QUESTION 5 - Do the plans individually or as a group have the potential to satisfy the stated plan-
ning objectives (See page C-24 for planning objectives).
ANSWER 5 -Yes.
• QUESTION 6 - Is there public support for this type of planning effort?
ANSWER 6 - Yes. There appears to be a broad recognition that planning is required. Various state
agencies, which are representatives of the "public" are supportive of the planning and are actively
cooperating and participating in the study.
QUESTION 7 -Are there other supporting reasons, at this time, to pursue a study of this nature? •
ANSWER 7 - Yes. Perhaps one of the most cogent reasons is the opportunity presented to reanalyze
the current storage allocations of the Federal lakes within the study area. There are now several
requests for storage in lakes for municipal and industrial supply where a specific water supply alloca-
tion.does not now exist. There is also a need to examine the total needs of the study area and attempt
to correlate those needs with available supply. These large lakes are the most reliable sources within
the study area. Their utilization by means of a distribution system or transmission main provides an
important problem solving approach.
Only through examination of the study can all the opportunities for utilization be discovered and
compared with other means. An additional reason concerns the mineral intrusion aspect of the study.
Mineral intrusion has been defined as a substantial problem, with an adverse impact to water supply.
These two study purposes should be meshed in order to fully explore their cross impacts.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based upon the previous documentation of the first iteration of the planning process for water
supply in northeast Kansas a number of conclusions can be reached. They are as follow:
CONCLUSIONS
• There are a significant number of unmet water supply needs within the study area.
• A broad range of management measures is available which have some potential for needs
fulfillment.
• Plans can be developed which can significantly contribute to planning objective fulfillment.
• There are no factors technical or institutional, that would preclude implementation of the types of
plans presented.
• There is substantial support within the State of Kansas for this study to continue.
• There is a valuable side-benefit of lake reallocation studies which can be accomplished simultane-
ously with the overall study effort.
• Water supply should be studied simultaneously with mineral intrusion.
Based on the above conclusions, it is recommended that
RECOMMENDATION
The water supply study should be continued into Stage 2 planning with alternative structural and
nonstructural plans formulated, assessed, and evaluated in accordance with Water Resource Council
Principles, Standards and Procedures.
•
•
C-43
SECTION D
MINERAL INTRUSION
1
MINERAL INTRUSION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Page
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION D-1
Existing Conditions D-1
Area 1 D-2
Area 2 D-3
Conditions if No Federal Action is Taken D-13
Problems, Needs, and Opportunities D-13
Problems D-13
Needs and Opportunities D-13
Planning Objectives D-14
FORMULATION OF PRELIMINARY PLANS D-15
Management Measures D-15
Interception D-15 .
In-channel Storage D-15
Reduction of Recharge D-15
Hydrostatic Pressure D-15
Transport D-15
Evaporation D-15
Subsurface Disposal D-15
Release During High Flows D-15
Desalinization D-15
Dilution D-15
No Action D-15
Plans of Others D-16
Description of Conceptual Plans D-16
Interception and Subsurface Disposal D-16 •
Interception and Evaporation D-16
In-channel Storage and Release During High Flows D-16
Hydrostatic Pressure D-16
Dilution D-16
No Action D-16
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION D-16
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDTIONS D-18
Conclusions D-18
Recommendations D-18
•
•
D-i
SECTION D
MINERAL INTRUSION
• PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
Mineral intrusion is a general expression for the entry of dissolved mineral matter into surface and
groundwater sources. Total dissolved solids (TDS) represent all the mineral constituents in water, and
provide one indicator of possible problems in water use. In the study area, mineral intrusion is found
, primarily in the form of chloride, sulfate, and hardness. The term hardness refers to soap-consuming
minerals in water such as calcium and magnesium.
The suitability of water for drinking or for industrial or irrigation use is dependent on the extent of
mineralization, as well as other parameters. For municipal and industrial purposes, The Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has established "secondary maximum contaminant levels" for minerals as
follows:
TDS 500 mg/I (milligrams per liter)
Chlorides 250 mg/I
Sulfates 250 mg/I
Hardness 500 mg/I
Secondary levels are guidelines which represent reasonable goals for drinking water quality. They are
not federally enforceable. Secondary levels should not be confused with primary maximum levels for
contaminants which may adversely affect the health of persons. There are not primary levels on the
mineral parameters listed above.
A further descriptive classification of water into several categories according to the degree of dis-
solved solids is desirable. For the purpose of this report, the following categories are applied:
Total Dissolved Solids
Classification Concentration, mg/I
Fresh water Less than 1,000
Excellent Less than 250
Good 250 to 500
Fair 500 to 1,000
Saline water More than 1,000
Slightly saline 1,000 to 3,000
Moderately saline 3,000 to 10,000
Very saline 10,000 to 35,000
Brine More than 35,000
This classification is based on the effects of minerals in the water. At chloride concentrations over
250 mg/I, water begins to taste salty and corrosion of steel and aluminum begins to increase. Sulfates
may cause problems for some industrial uses when over 100 mg/I, and when concentrations exceed 250
mg/I water begins to taste bitter. Hardness of over 500 mg/I can cause residential and industrial
problems by forming scales in boilers, hot-water heaters, water pipes, and water-using appliances.
However, unlike chlorides and sulfates, hardness can be reduced to about 100 mg/I by common water
treatment softening methods. There is no inexpensive method for desalinization, or reduction of chlo-
rides and sulfates in water. Desalinization processes are being used only in locations where there is not
an adequate fresh water source.
EXISTING CONDITIONS
The intrusion of minerals into surface waters of the Kansas River and several major tributaries is a
long-known condition which has been studied and reported in a number of earlier documents. A recent
report which presents a good overview of the condition is Mineral Intrusion in Kansas Surface
Waters—a Technical Report, 1978, prepared by the Kansas Water Resources Board. Excerpts from that
• report are drawn on in the following discussion.
D-1
Wilson Lake on the Saline River in eastern Russell County receives much of the salt intrusion from
Area 1. The lake stabilizes salt concentrations downstream, but lake water has an average chloride
content of about 800 to 900 mg/I.
Area 2. This area is in eastern Saline and western Dickinson Counties. Most of the intrusion comes
from the Wellington geologic formation, moving up through the alluvial aquifer and into the Smoky Hill
River along a reach from the mouth of the Saline River downstream about 25 miles. The effect on
average chloride content in the Smoky Hill River is shown in Figure D-3.
Figures D-4 through D-11 provide a schematic view of various water quantity and quality parame-
ters in the study area. The figures indicate the percentage contribution of the major tributaries for each
parameter displayed. For example, Figure D-4 shows that the Smoky Hill River at Enterprise drains 32
percent of the total drainage area of the Kansas River basin at DeSoto (59,756 square miles). Similarly,
Figure D-5 shows that the Blue River at Manhattan provides 28 percent of the mean discharge at De-
Soto (6,900 cfs). Figures D-6 and D-7 display low flow contributions, with Figure D-6 representing the
more severe low flow condition. Figure D-8 shows values for chloride contributions by weight based on
the product of mean flow times chloride concentrations which occur at mean flow. Figure D-9 is a simi-
lar display of the 90% exceeded low flow times chloride concentrations at that flow rate. Figures D-10
and D-11 display sulfate contributions for mean flow and low flow conditions.
The percentages shown in these figures are not intended to be directly additive or cumulative.
. Each station was computed individually based on historic data for that station. Differences in perdiod of
record and omission of smaller tributaries account for apparent discrepancies.
iOTT
_ —
- _ j LINCOLN
So/me - Mbi/
Lincoln
•f
Bhl '4w� 720 c1 .I River Tescott
239504 FairpOft Wi/sal) 30090 75041 A
(I c1 . oke 400904
• E L L I S 188304 I t
1530c1
70
Hays 70030 — — — —
—
Russell ❑ h—
lei. Bunker Hill oWllson
tr % ELLSWORTH
80 cl 350 SO4 G� X111 500 c 1
340 I Ellsworth
anchen r I _ RUSSELL_ J LA2 7o4soa
I
I
L — — _ Konopol4
• Lake
LEGEND
mg/I Chloride ___41 SOURCE: MINERAL INTRUSION IN
mg/I Sulfate____904 KANSAS SURFACE WATERS BY KWRB
II
FIGURE D-2
TYPICAL LOW FLOW CHLORIDES AND SULFATES IN-THE SMOKY HILL AND SALINE RIVERS, RUSSELL COUNTY AREA
•
D-3
LO
CD m
O N
CO;
010S 30 0 a) 17E c
as
r-I Y
v31XONVDN01 00 O
• NOldWOO 31 o m
w co
` co
H N o co
77 A21213 V3d01 00j '
o: w O w
v 7
o Go
¢
N r
o 3AOdO7„ co cp
o 3 ^
z ,--1 U co
N
180dNtlad v
a OIX Ci �
c d
°
E V m
7
YOVNO V7 1-1 NVI1VHNVW 'e io
v d
. )133HJ LO
3111n1 o A3118 '13
ac
Hd100NVa
v co
—a- — C
a
1e.„, a0
M la la co ca
—
= C
NO1S3N8V8 13210111W c o
S3N1IV8V1—
o o. N
a31N33 AV1 v co 3SIddd31N3
w c U -.4 p o NVWdVHO
a Q »° v I- O
W O cc S311N N VIa8WV0 MJN
e• V10800NOX o ll00S31 Q r c q) 0
O 0 o a01N3W
leis n °
11.1 0 0 W N 213413 N31O .
9a08SON11
Q c 0 co d SIJOdONVN
` O NOS11M
c
rcz rico
113SS08 c
cc co c E 11111 838N
8 -
Y Y
• • J w J O0 NJHON30HOS•VV." D-5
K ddn18 dVGHD
w
m j
O ci
OlOS 30 O
A cg 1 I
r
c d 1,,
•
v3IXONVONO1
NOldW00 31 � ° li
CO ELL o
o `o o ELL
t c co
�a •4lAdd9d VN3d01 VN3d01 I. 3 0 H J
Iv : NOlN11J
�O U a
- 3AOdO1, ° cc co w•v U « N Y •
c _ y
CO Z
_ 2 co 0
laodflNVa cv 093WVM ^ 001XVd co
co r
o m 6,
E U Y & V
ca N
O 12�
VOYNO 77 , N NVUVHNVW - X 'o
o U7
)133dD
3111111 ? A3118 ii N
HdlOONV8 m m
2
d o
m J
a
NO1S3NHV8 'm GdO11IW o
1-1 '' d c - -- c ^
S3NHV8 N
i 831N30 AVf13 o 0 O4 3SIada31N3 o
rts an
o
• .a NVWdVHO .
5
c o S311N°� VI89INVO M3N co
W m is u. c viaaoawoa c — — — —
J c - c ll00S31 N. a01N3W
m a, � d
W m 0 vi ` n1 2808S0NI1
(�f c Q i13O13 N370® vi .
C it W T Li 0
c . NOS1IM ci S11OdONVN
Z a m c m
n 16 o . Th Y '"1 H180MS113
N 113SS08 W J' ( co
III $ 0vv ='
1111-1 83)11408 8
Y
c N3H0N30H0S
a .
W • D-1 dd1118 2111033
I
T i
a
CO
0 O CO r
MS 30 0
Isi 0 Y
rn
• V3IXONV9N01 10 i ,
. NOldINOO 31
ii
AHHHd V)I3d01 3 aC o
,,,.
tlN3d01 6. m
w v NOIN17J :! c
o o u W .�
• 3 3 .-
0 3AONO���,' N o WI
0
ler, C7 1
y "
3
IdOdNNtla cv 093WtlM at OOIXVd
o
0
E U O
I ° o co
VOVNO;�; 61 NVUVHNVW 1` W
c °
N33MJ l., CO
3711n1 = A3118 'id cc _
m •
Hd100NVH _ �+
m
6
L'
NO1S3NdV8 m 02O471W
c
•
y o S3N8V8 d _ E N
G H31N3O AV13 o v . l� 3S18d831N3 oo)re
x O W NVdtlHO ci.J «
C
I
N1- T w W m ce S3 V1118WVO M3N
C « 3 VIONOONO3 A k
v
` w o N ci.--i 1103S31 ^ NO1N3W v v c
= m g 213413 N31O o 9808S0N11 CD m
0 X
m NOS11M S17OdONVN II H II
a m c c m
W i0 E ° °f Hla0MS113 W
W 3 0 113SSfla • -- m
• c W c 111H b3NNfl8
cS
W H m •- m e
or a co c W H N3HON30HOS
IL J O -a Q v D'9 ddf1l8 aV03J .
0
W
v
of
o - c
0105 30 0 M c
-- T o V
_
• W IXONVDN01 10
0. NOldW00 31 o c
• coo
- 2 g a�
cas O
T
h - - -_ C G N
VA8a3d VN3d01 3 m o
tlN3d01
m • V NO1N11J m Q
v
3 �' C zi
o
3AOH0; ; '-'
° v u _ O
o�
C7 m
vi a
1NO3NNtlN1 093WVM
N. 03IXVd 6 3
1 m
g
E U C 7
t.09NVUVHNVW Y
)13383 V.o 13118 14
m
Hd100NVa v N
G
s
to
1-1 N W
NOlS3N8tl8t m 08O371W 6
d
S3NNtl8 = H
ci• $ 831N30 AV10
G u M 3S18HN3 z "
• c ° NVWdtlHO
O
1-
0 c tllaBWtlO M3N
J a cc S31IN
LLl o i- m V10800N00
In
-� -- -
� tm. E c ll00S31 M 801N3W
Q p o V Ti.6 To W e
CL m 2 H 83013 N370 N 9808SONI1 co°D a
JM x o li NOS11M V S11OdONYX
CO 2 c 0 ° H180MS113
a m c
113SSf18 V
W 0E c m = 11IH8iN(18
0 to W Q 3 Y ag
W G
CC 1 J 0 J N3HON30HOS
>
LIU I 0° all dime 8V03J
a
I
CONDITIONS IF NO FEDERAL ACTION IS TAKEN
No major change is expected in the absence of Federal action. The mineral intrusion has been
occurring naturally over a long period of time, and would be expected to continue. The only govern-
mental action presently being taken is limited to one aspect of the problem which is the occasional high
• chlorides (over 250 mg/I) in the Kansas River at Topeka. If requested by the Kansas Water Resources
Board, outflows from the Corps' Tuttle Creek Lake are sometimes increased up to the amount of inflow
during those periods to dilute the chloride concentration of Kansas River water. There is, however, no
authorized storage in Tuttle Creek Lake or other lakes for the purpose of dilution.
It is expected that those reaches of the Saline and Smoky Hill Rivers which have not been usable
for irrigation or municipal and industrial water supply would remain unusable in the future. There are
no known Federal, State, or local plans to alter that condition.
PROBLEMS, NEEDS, AND OPPORTUNITIES
Problems. There are three principal economic problems associated with mineral intrusion. These
problems concern the use of water for (1) irrigation, (2) industrial cooling and processing, and (3) do-
• mestic needs and livestock watering. It is not possible to apply precise water quality requirements for
each of these uses, but some guidelines apply.
For irrigation use, slightly saline water (1,000 to 3,000 mg/I) may cause such problems as reduction
in crop yields, reliance on salt-tolerant crops, and cumulative build-up of surface soil layer salts eventu-
ally leading to soil sterility. Leaching, the occasional flushing of salts out of surface soils may be neces-
sary. Salt-tolerant crops include barley, cotton, and sugar beets, none of which is a major crop in the
study area. As an example of the potential adverse effect of irrigation with saline water, it is reported
that in southern Iraq 20 to 30 percent of the cultivated land has been abandoned in recent years due to
salt built-up, and crop yields on other land have decreased by up to 50 percent.
In the study area, the Saline River is generally not usable for irrigation from western Russell
County downstream to its juncture with the Smoky Hill River. Wilson Lake is also not usable for irriga- .
tion. The Smoky Hill River is occasionally too saline for irrigation use from the Saline River downstream
to Abilene. Much of the Smoky Hill valley alluvial aquifer between Saline and Abilene is also not usable
for irrigation. '
Many industrial processes are precluded by high chloride or sulfate water supplies. It is not possi-
ble to define a practical limit on salinity for cooling purposes, but moderately saline water would very
probably cause an unacceptable amount of corrosion and slightly saline water may also be unacceptable
for continuous use over a long period of time.
• Saline water should not normally be used by municipalities. In order to avoid using saline water, •
some communities in the study area have developed more costly sources of supply. Outside the study
area, the city of Wichita must blend two sources, one saline and the other fresh, to obtain a sufficient
quantity of acceptable water for present demands. In Russell County, the cities of Hays and Russell
have had water supply quantity problems, but are unable to use the Saline River because of its salinity.
The city of Saline occasionally must discontinue the use of a well for a period of time when salinity levels
are too high. Topeka, Lawrence, and Johnson County Water District No. 1 all use the Kansas River as a
water supply source. Topeka has recorded a number of occasions when chloride levels have equaled or
exceeded 250 mg/I as shown in Table D-1
Needs and Opportunities. Based on the problems related to mineral intrusion as presented in the
preceeding section, a number of needs and opportunities are evident. Reduction in mineral intrusion
could aid or accomplish the following:
• Increased irrigation use of the Saline and/or Smoky Hill Rivers.
• Increased irrigation use of the alluvial aquifers of the Saline and/or Smoky Hill River valleys. •
• Industrial use of Wilson Lake, especially for cooling water.
• Use of the Saline and/or Smoky Hill Rivers for municipal water supply by several cities, towns,
and water districts.
• Continuation of use of the Kansas River for municipal water supply by Topeka, Lawrence, and
Johnson County Water District No. 1 during low-flow periods.
•
•
D-13
(4) occurrences of chloride levels exceeding 250 mg/I in the Kansas River will be reduced or elimi-
nated, thus providing improved dependability of the river for domestic use,
and (5) environmental attributes of the Saline and Smoky.Hill Rivers and Wilson Lake will be
enhanced, maintained, or preserved. �
• It should be recognized that any or all of the above objectives may be impractical to achieve, either
from an economic standpoint or for other reasons. Nevertheless, a number of possible measures are
available for consideration which could reduce the mineral intrusion and thereby serve one or more of
the above objectives. These measures are discussed under Formulation of Preliminary Plans.
FORMULATION OF PRELIMINARY PLANS
•
MANAGEMENT MEASURES
The first step in the formulation of plans is to identify specific measures to reduce mineral intru-
sion. These are not plans, but elements from which plans can be formulated. Some of the measures
•
relate primarily to collection of saline water and other measures related to disposal. The following
measures have been identified in prior reports as possible mineral intrusion control measures.
Interception. This measure would involve drilling a series of wells to intercept saline groundwater.
The water would be pumped to the surface and collected for disposal.
In-channel Storage. This measure would involve retention and storage of mineralized surface water
in the river channel. Fresh water flows would be diverted around the stored saline water via a canal or
new channel.
Reduction of Recharge. It may be possible to reduce mineral intrusion by reducing high flows and
flooding over the alluvial recharge area to the subsurface mineral deposits. To a degree, existing
Federal lakes may have accomplished this. A.plan of this type does not appear to be feasible for the
study areas.
Hydrostatic Pressure. Construction of low-head dams or levees over the saline springs and seeps
where salty groundwater is emitted into the stream system may produce enough hydrostatic pressure
•
to reduce salt inflow. •
Transport. A measure which would probably be necessary to some extent for all plans is the trans-
port
of saline water from collection point to disposal location. Transport could be accomplished by canal
or pipeline.
Evaporation. Evaporation ponds or basins could be used to reduce the volume of collected saline
water. Accumulated waste salts from an evaporation process would have to be disposed of periodically.
Use of salts for commercial purposes is a possibility, depending on the chemical make-up of the salts.
Subsurface Disposal. This disposal measure would involve the injection of collected saline water
into deep formations. For many years, brines brought to the surface during oil and gas production have
been disposed of in this manner. Presently most disposal is made in geologic formations at depths of
3,000 to 3,200 feet in the Salina area.
Release During High Flows. A possible disposal measure would be the release of stored•saline
water to the river during high flows. Releases would be made when river water is low in minerals and
would not be adversely affected by the additional salt load.
Desalinization. There are several processes by which salts can be removed from water. In other
areas these processes have been found to be uneconomical unless fresh water is otherwise virtually
unattainable for municipal use. Desalinization will not be considered as an alternative in this mineral
intrusion study. It may be considered in the water supply study where a critical municipal water supply
situation exists.
Dilution. Dilution of saline surface water or fresh water which exceeds 250 mg/I of chlorides may be
accomplished by mixing with higher quality fresh water. This could be accomplished by making releases
from one of the existing Corps lakes. This measure would require the allocation of storage in the lake
for the purpose of dilution.
No Action. This measure would result in a continuation of mineral intrusion as described in a
previous section, Conditions if No Federal Action is Taken.
• 4 •
D-15
•
•
•
the potential benefit in converting storage to mineral intrusion reduction would be more than offset by
• the loss in irrigation benefits. Wilson Lake has chloride levels exceeding 500 mg/I and is not itself usable
• for irrigation. The no action alternative would, of course, not reduce intrusion but it may be the only
practical alternative at this time. Table D-2 summarizes some of the potential effects of the alternative
• plans for this area. As previously stated, the effects are based on very limited data.
•
• TABLE D-2
. ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE PLANS, AREA 1
Assessment Economic Factors Environmental or Other Factors •
Factor Effectiveness Areas Magnitude Magnitude Land Effect on Effect on Effect on Long-Term .
in Reducing Potentially of Potential of Potential Area Aquatic Riparian Cultural Energy
Plan Intrusion Benfiited Benefits Costs Required Habitat Habitat Resources Required
- • Interception and Slight to moder- Saline River Valley Slight to Moderate Slight Unknown Slight Unknown Moderate .
Subsurface ate.Intrusion from western Moderate
Disposal maybe too wide- Russell County to •
spread for this mouth;City of
plan to be Russell.
•
effective. •
•
Interception and Same as above. Same as above. Slight to Moderate Moderate Unknown Slight Unknown Moderate
• Evaporation Moderate
In-channel Slight Same as above. Slight to Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Unknown Slight
storage and Moderate to High to Major to Major •
release During
High Flows
• Hydrostatic Unknown Same as above. Slight to Slight to Slight Slight Slight Unknown Slight
Pressure Moderate Moderate
Dilution None.Cedar Same as above. Slight Moderate None Unknown None None None
Bluff Lake has •-
insufficient stor-
• age;Wilson Lake
water is too •
highly
mineralized.
No Action None None None None None None None None None
Area 2. Mineral intrusion is more confined in this area than in Area 1. Available data indicates that
a line of relief wells across the Smoky Hill-Saline valley just east of Salina may be highly effective in
intercepting saline flow and reducing intrusion. Disposal, either by subsurface injection or evaporation,
would be much less costly for this area than for Area 1. In-channel storage would also appear more
economical and more effective for Area'2 than Area 1 because a shorter diversion canal would be
required. Hydrostatic pressure would not be as effective as other plans because only a portion of the
seeps and springs occur in locations where a low dam or levee could be built. At those locations where
seepage is directly into the river, this measure could not be used. Dilution could be highly effective in
reducing occasional high salinity of the Kansas River, provided that one or more monitoring stations
would be established upstream near controlling lakes to forecast the need for diluting flows. The no
action alternative would simply allow the existing mineral intrusion problems to continue. Table D-3
presents a preliminary effect assessment summary for Area 2. •
• •
•
. D-17
•
•
•
LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Kansas Water Resources Board,Mineral Intrusion in Kansas Surface Waters,A Technical Report,Topeka,Kansas,1979.
2. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chloride Control, Arkansas River Basin, General Design Phase 1, Department of the Army,
Tulsa District,Tulsa Oklahoma,1978.
3. U.S.Army Corps of Engineers,Natural Salt Poludon Control Study,Department of the Army,Fort Worth,Texas,1973.
4. U.S.Geological Survey,Discharge of Salt Water from Permian Rocks to Major Stream Aquifer Sites in Central and South Central
Kansas,Open File No.79-10-55, Lawrence;Kansas,1980. •
5. U. S. Geological Survey, Saline Ground Water Discharge to Smoky Hill River Between Salina and Abiline, Central Kansas (in
review),Lawrence,Kansas,1980.
•
•
D-19
1 Solomon Concordia
i G.odland --- _ R✓e • Manhattan Topeka
Hays 40,505 R Kansas
36 I ea City
Bend
Garden • Hutchinson
areen Lit
• y • Wichita Yates Center
PHILLIPS SMITH JEWEL Bowe City • Pittsburg
•
__
I Liberal
•
I
_� WACOl
I LAKE' LOCATION
WEBSTER RES.
' MITCH
ROOKS IOSBORNE \NI
-\\\\\\\\
I
OP W/LSONI
Hays LAKE AR/
liP \QOj ' LINCC
Hill
col
ELLIS Smoky s�,�\\\\ PI
56
i i
WO/nut Creek BOT OMS E LL.
'COW
RUSH 'Great Bend
BARTON l'Foo I
,RICE
PAW_ NEE 56
1
-J-
• � J50j Fpf
K
STAFFORD NBtth
EDWARDS RENO,
South Fork Ai
_______---454
iPRATT
KIOWA i BARBER I KINGM1I
KANSAS AND OSAGE RIVERS, KANSAS
MINERAL INTRUSION STUDY
MAJOR INTRUSION AREAS
In I sheet Sheet No. I Scale: as shown
• CORPS OF ENGINEERS U. S. ARMY
KANSAS CITY DISTRICT
FILE NO. A - I - 7I8
MAY 1980 i
I
PLATE NO.I D - I
•
SECTION E
STUDY MANAGEMENT
•
STUDY MANAGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Page
STAGES OF STUDY E-1
Stage 1—Reconnaissance E-1
Stage 2jDevelopment of Intermediate Plans E-1
Stage 3—Development of Detailed Plans E-1 •
MILESTONES E-1
STAGE 2 WORK PLAN E-2
Subaccount 01, Public Involvement E-2
Subaccount 02, Institutional Studies E-2
Subaccount 03, Social Studies E-2
Subaccount 04, Cultural Resource Studies E-2
Subaccount 05, Environmental Studies E-2
Subaccount 06, Fish and Wildlife E-2
Subaccount 07, Economic Studies E-2
Subaccount 08, Surveying and Mapping E-3
Subaccount 09, Hydrology and Hydraulic Investigations • E-3
Subaccount 10, Foundations and Materials Investigations E-3
Subaccount 11, Design and Cost Estimates E-3
Subaccount 12, Real Estate Studies E-3
Subaccount 13, Study Management E-3
Subaccount 14, Plan Formulation E-3
Subaccount 15, Report Preparation - E-3
Subaccount 20.1, Water Supply E-3
Subaccount 20.2, Water Quality E-4
Subaccount 20.4, Cause and Effect Analysis E-4
Subaccount 20.9, Recreation Studies E-4
FIGURES
Item Title Page
E-1 Major Study Tasks E-5
•
E-i
•
SECTION E
STUDY MANAGEMENT
• STAGES OF STUDY
The planning process has been divided into three stages to facilitate management of the study.This
Reconnaissance Report documents the results of the first stage. The purpose of the three-stage
process is defined in a Corps of Engineers Regulation (ER 1105-2-210) from which the following excerpts
are taken.
STAGE 1—RECONNAISSANCE
The purpose of the first stage of the planning process is to conduct reconnaissance level investi-
gations to determine whether a survey scope feasibility study is warranted and, if warranted, to devel-
op a detailed scheme for stage 2 planning. Emphasis should be on problem identification. Plan formula-
tion and evaluation is concentrated on identification of possible management measures and potentially
significant impacts.
STAGE 2—DEVELOPMENT OF INTERMEDIATE PLANS
In this stage, a broad range of alternative plans and management measures are explored. Stage 2
studies result in a screening of alternatives by carrying out sufficient iterations of the four planning
tasks(problem identification, formulation, impact assessment, evaluation)to decide which plans, if any,
- warrant more detailed study in stage 3. The stage 2 screening will reduce the number of alternatives to
those which are most feasible.
STAGE 3—DEVELOPMENT OF DETAILED PLANS
Stage 3 emphasizes the detailed assessment and evaluation of a small number of alternatives. It
involves carrying out the four planning tasks to a level of refinement which assures that each of the .
plans considered in stage 3 is formulated in the best possible way to achieve the desired planning
objectives. Studies should assure that each of the plans is implementable and should support selection •
of the best plan. Stage 3 should also include further development of the selected plan to support a
recommendation for Congressional authorization for Corps of Engineers implementation, if necessary
criteria are met. The primary documentation in stage 3 will be the draft and final study report. An
Environmental Impact Statement should be prepared if federal implementation action will be proposed.
MILESTONES
Eleven significant events are designated as indicators of physical progress. Those events are
scheduled for accomplishment as follows:
Milestone Description Date
1 Study Initiation 7-76,1-79
2 Approved Reconnaissance Report 10-80
3 Submit Stage 2 Report . 5-81
4 Stage 2 Checkpoint Conference 7-81
5 Complete action on Conference Memo 8-81
6 Submit Draft Report and DEIS 6-82
7 Stage 3 Checkpoint Conference 8-82
8 Complete Action on Conference Memo 10-82
9 Coordinate Draft Report and DEIS 2-83
10 Submit Final Report and RDEIS 2-83
11 Division Engineer's Public Notice 9-83
E-1
SUBACCOUNT 08, SURVEYING AND MAPPING
Bank stabilization work in this subaccount is nearly complete. Mapping will be limited to the severe
erosion areas on the Kansas and Smoky Hill Rivers. Surveying for water supply and salt intrusion
studies will cover possible structure locations (water supply lake sites, evaporation pond sites, pipe-
lines). Mapping will concentrate on display of intermediate plans and impacts related to those plans.
SUBACCOUNT 09, HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATIONS
• We will analyze bed and bank sample data and results of channel migration studies to refine alter-
native plans at severe erosion sites and to predict the effectiveness of plans. Regarding water supply,
hydrologic analyses of potential lake sites to determine yields will be performed, as will hydrologic real-
location studies of Melvern, Pomona, Tuttle Creek, and Wilson Lakes.
SUBACCOUNT 10, FOUNDATIONS AND MATERIALS INVESTIGATIONS
We will analyze bed and bank sample data at severe bank erosion sites. Additional subsurface ex-
plorations will be made in salt intrusion area near Salina. An electrical resistivity study will be made to
better define salt intrusion sources and patterns. Preliminary investigations of geologic and soils condi-
tions at water supply lake sites and pipeline corridors will be made.
SUBACCOUNT 11, DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATES
Activities will include design and cost data for final array of plans at severe erosion sites. For water
supply, a review of contractor-supplied design and cost data for water supply lake sites and pipelines
will be made, and detailed cost estimates for reallocation and alternative projects, including single-
purpose lakes, will be made. Design and cost estimates for portions of salt intrusion reduction plans,
such as pipelines, evaporation ponds, and low dams, will be prepared.
SUBACCOUNT 12, REAL ESTATE STUDIES
Estimation of real estate requirements for alternative plans at severe bank erosion sites, including
rights-of-way, easements, and fee acquisition will be accomplished. Ownerships will be identified in the
salt intrusion area near Salina and obtain rights-of-entry where needed for additional surveys and
drilling.
SUBACCOUNT 13, STUDY MANAGEMENT •
This will include review of progress of the study, revision and updating of the schedule where
necessary, and obtaining input from Federal-State Coordinating Committee. It will include a decision
regarding possible preparation of one or more interim reports during stage 2.
•
SUBACCOUNT 14, PLAN FORMULATION
This task includes refinement of bank stabilization alternative plans and assessment for possible
inclusion in stage 3 studies. We will prepare intermediate plans for water supply and salt intrusion,
including one or more lake reallocation plans at each of four lakes, and one or more nonstructural (con-
servation) plans for each major area of water supply need. A series of structural and combination plans
will be developed, with emphasis on plans which combine the more easily implementable conservation
. measures with other measures.
SUBACCOUNT 15, REPORT PREPARATION
A Stage 2 Documentation Report for all study purposes will be prepared. If studies so indicate, one
or more interim reports for urgently-needed plans will be prepared.
SUBACCOUNT 20.1, WATER SUPPLY
Studies will be conducted by contract to screen a large number of alternative water supply
measures and to narrow down to a reasonable number of alternatives. The MAPS (Methodology for
• • Area-Wide Planning Studies) developed by the Corps' Waterways Experiment Station will also be used
for this work. Data collection on water use by sector will be accomplished.
E-3
SUBACCOUNT 20.2, WATER QUALITY
Studies will be conducted by contract and by other agencies to supplement existing and KCD-gen-
erated water quality data and to model salt intrusion. Mathematical models will be used to simulate
historic conditions and to assess alternative measures to reduce salt intrusion in the Salina area.
• SUBACCOUNT 20.4, CAUSE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS
Studies will continue by contract with the University of Kansas Geology Department to attempt to
identify cause and effect relationships for bank erosion. Additional inhouse studies will be performed to
examine possible effects of lake operation.
SUBACCOUNT 20.9, RECREATION STUDIES
• The HCRS will continue to evaluate the recreation potential along severe erosion sites, with
emphasis on the Kansas River between Lawrence and Kansas City, Kansas.
Figure E-1 lists several major tasks to be carried out through the remainder of the study and the
general time frame in which they will be conducted.
• STUDY COST ESTIMATE
A revised study cost estimate(PB-6) is provided at the end of this report.
•
•
•
E-4
•
I I I 1 ' N
I 1 i
•
t H W I I 0) 1 C 1 I i.
W N
N I -0 N 1 O i N 1
I.1 g W W 4-1 O 1 r-I
I I w W t¢ U I b 1 .O c > M I V r1 'C O
1 u 1 H aJ W
1 i W I ctCU r -r CO 7 ' o N CA m I 44-O s 1 G •CU
O N
W CO 1 N 0. I 7
N N •
O H • __._4-_ _ ___. _o � U 1•-) i W W W
1a
0 03 RI 4 m 1--1 en H N N N N I en H N> O-O XG 0• Cf
W N m w_
`¢ ac '14-
••
1 -�._ , O
-i in 0 in in 0 V1 0 O 0 0 in O Vl 0 'U
1Q• f n0l N. 01 '0 n v O V1 .7 0 01 n N N 0
O r-1 Cl r-1 en N N en en H N M W
I- N
W 0 N
N CO
_ _ NC I Q
Z a4
O V1 0 0 0 O in VI V1 V1 O 0 0 L/1
I N 14.1 01 NI N N. in V1 ON 1/40 n ON -s en . 1/4e1
W Q 47 O '1 r-/ r-I _
O z N CO w N r1 0 Q b -I 1 c m b O
• G CO Q¢ ti l 11'1 V1 0 i V1 0 0 Vl V1 V1 Vl V1 0 V1 • V1•W 2 W HI en en 10 '0 n N N.03 0 0 r en t 0)
N 0 7 I-I HI -I •H ..-1 HI
C4.)i W O Q N v
I = 1.1 1- C) CO
C W Q
I ` C) ¢
1 W W 7 l`
—_ _—
•
C H U
0
-
1 0 0 al 0 0 V1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
V` M W 01 H en '0 .7 CO 0, 10 0 -5 H .7 CO
W C7 r-I H
' 00 IQ
•'- V
N CO
jl: p
10 CO G '
Is a W T T •
b
f
O co S+ O
III 7 H H I,c w CO <( N U co - W 0) m V W CO U M-,1 4-i W N
0
V H • ri M 5 x T ,.301 4 n a) J W 'O C 0 W 11 •d rI M CO M . i r1 it 4-4 N al U <4-1 'O 'O HI C. 1 co W W a C . C 01 7 W m ° "� 0 CO .W u u u w CO CO W R z J I- g N - rb 7 C HI • I CO 0 0 OW N O
0 .I y C) N b b C N C 0 CO 6 aJ }~ ,--1 co • N 0 H 7 C C o o W at.W U
i- w U 7 0 0 a C CO 'S Cl) C u C u C L t0 7 0
ti w m C N CO 4 4 ri Cg) 00p0 T N 0 0 N al C 0 z o w
H O D 0 0 C w C H •r1 0 •A u H CO N Z O - ¢
LO e U 11 H it O L N
..
CO W >W y l r4 11-1 N 0 N 0. O W O N co N 00 0 HI L HI aJ • I W .0 C > H W C W •r1 r-I V N 4 10 05 U -I > U CO 0 14 T > 0 > CO W 0 p a
Cl)0.U C. H O W W W 41 co v H W H C CO CO W
`
sk
O.
a ¢ 0 W .o.
F w
W
O = a a
CO w = . 4 N eel .7 V1 N. co. •' 01 O ri N nl .t Cy x Ow
Z 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 H ,--I HI H H a, r
w r-1
I 'ON 3N11 1.- n• CI 1" N
■
• a• w 0 N m 0 0 r. Cl 1.1 • < f
o GY
f
. •
N
I w.
0
qN
• W
w
N 6
t
v 8
a
N
00
N -
•
N C
00' a)
b r-
IC
0.
O N I a I CO
( CO W IW-•O n U
fN N Ny 7Q1F�Q� 0 0 0 I/1 .-I O CO' 0 O 0 0 0 N I'
LL N N H O I-a 0 T VD H 0 0'1 10 IO IO tel -4' In 0 ))
,u, C C-' X10 U h.O p z a r-I N H CO N 0
I
n al m aLL WQA d' �Y W
i D4 be
Z N It
to ,
O I
J 0 0 In v1 0 0 0 0 In 0 In
4 N. 04 4•4 M ..O IO n M -2 CO 'O
ow G '
O H CO tMi CO
I-
.t 7 CO ,
•
W O N I.
N. I co A
x 'i
W In N. 0 In O 0 0 0 0 In 0 0 i,
co 0
•
• �T H N 0 a0
In H H m
N H V1 =
O 2 co N w C H O I
m m c U O 1
0a L 4
Ui 0 0 in 0 0 0 0 0 Ui 0 N 4 z O N 04 0
7 W
C 7 H N
W O QN j 0
C u I- U In H
m
w L a
d v 7
c H U
a o 0 In 0 In 0 0 0 In v1 0 0
La -S H H v .o N. en r♦ o 0
00 4 V N M fi, a
I= u1 H
,2
iz -.
I,( y y .d -
c m D f
H o
C J
t V w y w O H 0
co
Ic" 6 G CO CO CO 7 0
V U - 0) M al CO ,rI
TH •
E . .- "co
ID u I 7 b 11 CO H C F.
8 y v d .CO 00 C C N N Cr W 1
n z u 0 U HI CO H 'O '2/ NI q D u.
Z Z n 77 h H CO -. CO W CO .-I a) L -a co Od
W C co a) T 1J H W H CO H In N
I- W 0 - C. H HI H 7 W o0 o C •rl
S m m a) 0 a m a00i o Z CD o H 0 o 0 W
° P, u 7 7 P: C C O O
n ti cn o . d v
a) m > 5 G L 0 C 5 0€ a.a a) m m c u a) s C u a) C H•
i_i CO o `
a) 0 3 3 Vi c.) U a 0 a co c°1 0 04
c F 0
m
to
1 all m O
a cc
w H r
O L �N N M -4- :D N. CO Ol Q +N O M v) O O O O O O O O r-I a N cc IS
H H N 04 N N N N NI N M
w
'ON 3NI1 9- Cl n V in 0 n m m 0 .- n •
O
1 -.
•
MAR JUN SEP
1982
Final Wilson -
_i Report
It Tuttle Creek
ort Final Tuttle Creek
RePOrt H
Draft Kanopolis
_I Report Final Kanopolis
Draft Final Water Supply
Report and DEIS
MAJOR STUDY TASKS
•
FIGURE E-1
•
a .
w
N
CO
Y •CO
•..•
¢ •
r
r w
0 w .
7 K
I- D
z — N V
D a LL
- 0
6.8 = 2
y _ Y N co
• LL 4 7
O
L I q $
a ' O
N
cc 1
< I T .
1 1 .
a
o ,
as o1
it a _ .•
_ _ __ 1 _
OK
U
w —
O m
eti CT!
`o_
T R
v
ta
Y y .
LL K
o
2' g I g, _ .
wN LLa
aoa —
Zw T I —
i_w y
U Q U n
c o 3 a v
`c Q Y n o O 6
n°. - - c ;
LL °� L a- -O
F U C 4 a 6LL
• U m pl m U m �' o
0 � 0
I q
D i -
I
I I w
T I .
I•
r a1 gI
V r O 6./N mC
= an 3 _ m :: - '° -
m 0 _ N
Ua ,`n O-tt o m3 *.c'Ai
8 81
¢ . x T T
U
• _ _fel ti
K
E
3 I a .
m_ N U
- n
C
n
6
a •,-
„, E
> > o
w — q 2 N E To
O - I Q = a O N u Qo0 a N
oE i a .
- „
a m E _
3 m = ,-
nn" w -
- - w - U
o_ o p n Cs o E gr -
0' a _
a -a m
E E _
LL ° VS w
c r •
a o B = 1 — —
a o q d
- a g c 2
N Q f u
v• O a A 6 E _ ,- 3 w — - o E — _
--
. o 2' z E a ryry t
3 3 w r-
c U „ E cal w ¢ r
a -
uo `ogm m `m y d S a
°1 - — m E s! 8 - _ it� U
o _E00Ew E °
a h r of v a w 42 ¢ o E
E f 35 d f U U U¢ U w
_ _ _
_
O
- - - - - - - - -
•-I
•
- .
Z
1
z
O - C7
Z
Q 0 Z
J D Z •
a CC z -
CO a ¢
¢ Z - - • -
I- V) - a
n a' ¢ ''
cc
w z q ce
Z Q "w q�/1 - w
m 3 2 u w
•
CI