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Central Kansas Long Range Water Supply Considerations . . , . CENTRAL KANSAS LONG RANGE WATER SUPPLY CONSIDERATIONS " i. 1 T;'LSON COMPANY ENGINEERS 4 ARCHITECTS I SALIHA _ KANSAS ~. PREFACE This document has been prepared to assist Central Kansas local governments and interested agencies. in assessing the goals long range water supply planning should pursue. A brief description of the various water supply sources developed or being considered is followed by a discussion of the quality of waters from these sources. A summary of the uses to which the water obtained from the various sources is presented. The current status of several long range planning efforts are reviewed. A number of alterna- tives for future development are discussed. In this document the Central Kansas area geographically includes the counties of Geary, Dickinson, Saline, McPherson, Harvey, Reno and Sedgwick. Prepared By Wilson & Company Engineers & Architects 631 E. Crawford Salina, Kansas 67401 .' . . 2 b INTRODUCTION The recent history of higher than average summer temperatures combined with lower than average moisture has again focused attention on the need for reliable water supplies and delivery systems during stress demand periods. Chronic shortages of water supplies and substandard performance of delivery systems existed in 8 out of 10 water systems in Kansas in the 1976-77 drought period. The adverse climatic conditions appear to be repeating in 1980-81. Recent projections by the Kansas Water Resources Board estimate that 25 percent of the Kansas water systems will experience water supply shortages and 20 percent will develop water quality problems in cne 1980's. It is imperative that adequate planning, institutional commitment, investment, management and operation be provided to assure reliable water supplies and delivery systems. The lack of initiative on the part of local units of government will surely result in the inability to meet user needs under stress conditions. Central Kansas communities and water management groups faced with increased demands by their consumers, limited water sources and deteriorating quality in some areas must review their alternatives and select courses of action which will govern their capabilities to meet consumer needs in the future. CENTRAL KANSAS WATER SOURCES Most Central. Kansas communities; industries, rural domestic users and irrigators use local groundwater supplies to meet consumer demands. A few communities use surface water sources to supplement their groundwater supplies. Most notable of these are Wichita, which utilizes Cheney Reservoir to supplement its Equus Beds well field and Salina which supple.ments it local groundwater source with water obtained from the Smoky Hill River. Adjacent to the Central Kansas area, Council Grove, El Dorado; Augusta, Herington, Winfield and Wellington obtain all their water supplies from surface reservoirs. The City of Hillsboro is in the process of converting from wells to water obtained from Marion Reservoir. The only industry in the Central Kansas area which currently uses water from surface supplies is the Kansas Power and Light company electric production plant at Abilene. Many agricultural irrigators have permits to obtain irrigation supplies from adjacent streams. Plates 1 and 2 indicate the principal streams and reservoirs which serve as water supply sources for communities. Plate 3 indicates the availability of groundwater supplies in the Central Kansas Area; . .. 3 l W3: "":..",.. ~=-~. ",.: .~"...!m" I ~,'."u I \" II ,; .r'" J," _I'."~ I . z. ,~..... I 1./ I .-.J' ~ I. ~I ~ ..,..... T . . ,,:.. -. ~ ~'". ~_. ..."" ......'.:'. iJ'" '''!o... ...lCEPU&LIc.AN ~\VE~.1 : ;.;-,,-,.;:.- :I~":.~. "." 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At "'--T...........~ ft.: - ~ . ',' ~':"-'~IJ .'~ toO , ~ ..: AX"": ~. ....... ~, . ,J"'G l?' ... ~, --.... ~ I )Anl- - - QJ -. . ..,;" - ( " al Zit: -~ .. : " ,......_ '. ~l ;.. 1.._1.,,_ : ~ ~~"'. .. 9,," ../':'-----. ra""""" i1TI:. (-J .;;..,....1...::_1 ~",-' _~ ~ ~:~:.;: r....!..Lot~."~..il .' i~ i\ ;'11 1211) if ~ ... ..:..:~~ %{.~. '7J~ ~..__ ",' ~-.l ,'" Il=lr\.T"'1U' _ _ _0.-. I., _ A_. ,. .. _' > .... . ,.:;..rFt. I' I., ""'" . ,:~~ '< ~I .'" .-=::, . "1" . ". .. .,.;;;<~' f>L~ia S I. .. 100-'600 GPM -Y @~~,', ;,: ,_'-.~jt;; i~.~ ....~'J.~~~m.;~.;:~,.:.. 6"'OUNt>WA'Te~)i L.., -:,'~ -:;:I, - ..... . ...-: ~~!'o.~500-'OOOc:.PM':~I"o '~."'(.,. ,~-'_::':":f!.h}j.~~UPf"Lle5 .. :....,.." .. : ~I~~Ml~j~~ 'l 1000 &"M .......:::.. S~M~.!.,.;te'^).... .;~. ~~.~~'~" IF,.-J ~.' _:.,,;-"'-"'~ ""SE> " ......,tf......... I ...... . '-,' '.,. 'f~'-" ' oM . '" ~ _.~, J' "',~~:_,: ,._.~ . ll" it--., ~I.' .......;..... 11. '-)--""~' =:--,....- I .~. . __.. "1ARPE~ . 1 _. _ ......!.. _ \. I _ ,. :Cl"'lwte"', 'CHAur 1A. ----'-0 ~_ ; \ ~,. i'.;~- g./. ,r:~~', . /'9 : jP . ~"1~ TM'O_ ,,;;,.--- ~ ~ ~ WATER QUALITY DATA Surface Water Quality Water quality for selected reservoirs and streams in Central Kansas have been tabulated in Plate 4. The data were extracted from a Kansas Department of Health and Environment sampling program conducted in 1976. Also included for comparison is the recommended standards for drinking water as published by several regulatory agencies. Plates 1 and 2 pictorially indicate the general water quality of existing surface water supplies in Central Kansas. Groundwater Quality Groundwater quality information for the seven county Central Kansas area is enclosed. The information is from the Geological Survey, Water Resources Division from 1977-1978 analysis data. The quantifying of groundwater quality is approximate based on available information and varies consid- erable from county to county and from well to well. In general, the ground- water quality has shown a declining quality trend for the seven county area. This declining trend is expected to continue as groundwater pumpage increases. Plate 5 pictorially indicates the general water quality of existing groundwater supplies in Central Kansas. 4 . !ll "" ... a: .... '" I .., 0 0 ... ~ N N '" .. # N !! .. '" # ~ N ... ~ !:! !:! 2 .... - .. ~ 2 ~ .. '" N N '" c; '" .. .. ... ~ !!! !:! !!! ~ !! .. N ~ ....- N N N N - ...- .. - .. ~~ .. .. .. 0 0 ~ l!l .. # .. N ~ .. .. ...0 I'';l ~ .. 2 :;; '" '" ... ~ N ... # N O~ N N # N .. .. .. # # ...... ~ = .- n .. 0 '" '" # N ~ .. '" .. g . ;:: ;; # # '" 0 2 '" ... # ~ U2~ .. .. ~ '" ~ '" 2 .. N ~ N .. N N ." L_ ..z ~~ 0 re 0 0 ~ 8 0 0 N ~ '" l;; 0 ~ L:; .." - ~ '" .. ~ .. N .. ~ N 0 ~... N !! , '" , , , 2 .. , , .. ~ .. ".. ~ , !:! !:! '" !:! .. '" , do ... ... N - .. '" .. .. .. # ,.; 0 .; ,.; ,.; 0 0 - 0 '" 0 N N = J, ,.; , , , ,.; .; .. ,.; ,.; ,.; ,.; ,.; L .. ... .. .; ,.: ,.; ,.; c, .. 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I _I. -". . - -F:d" 'ID.,;. ~" :./' '7" ': ~ - ... .. ,....~~~~~~~~ ":::-':~':~f:~'i~:1W: ".". · '" V ,_ '_ '/ ~"~~.., '< .".:.:;,::;:;:;,;, t. . ~ ;~l ',;;" ,'t\""~'~:'lo,:. ~~: ..:t.:::.. ...... .J ..... ~. . '.. . ,... "'-"'''' '.~ . . . . .. :'VL . p' t. At .l.i!!!. I"'" . u. _ . L ;r-.J '"'' . ~,~~t-~~ ~~ v ..\"~:~:~:: .:Yt," I_ I.. t; ':: -:.:!i; ;' I~ ~... ~?;~><.. .r-, ~. "'~rm:::::: ~ _ _ '/ '\. ,"'........k ,. -:.' ....;...... I 1Tlt" I GROUNDWATER GUAL.lT'( ~ ,'. ': ~ ~:.~'i ~;.. _. _ \ .. .....~.~OTAL DI"SOLVED SOLIC>S)\/ ~.~,< ::;-- 1l4: ~ f .~ ~~.~' -J . ~ ffUrU 'I.. ';00 "'~ll ];'1'/i~""./ /tl)' 17!,.!.' '7~~ ":.\ill.:_C.. '-:~ = , ..~", .........1/.,/ ...: " .. Ie. ",.,1 -2 JEC'~'" .~ C. r-:' ,.""" ~ -:i'-. 't;.. -"". ~ '....f !II)" :mm 500-1000 ""~I',";''- "~~".,,.....~ ~~, re'Il,!. =. ''':,' !<i'.;"-~" /.~ ~ ~ / . \ I {':.: I 1 f. !;~.. _i ~. ' 'i _ >'000 rh~ll\" of 0,r'ii ' ""!0'(~ ,,:.../ ~'i'':;~ Jj,\ Dr ~I-::;,,,,:;. :! ._~ ff:r,;. a.tI ~MNER ,~~~~~.z ., t7 I-~ ft1GS /1 -, ..!r.' . ~s-~ ~ ~~. NO GlROUW17WAT!R '-:".:~ /"",l: ;'~~b~" ,.\~. ..'~.. '~i~ -'. I): V//h ,...,.,_t.4ARPF.R j_ ....~........-li' _~, I " ~owl?v-'l .,.J '~_ -'/ , I. - ", io- , ....... j' , ," - c~ ,- WATER USE DATA The Kansas Water Resources Board developed in 1979 a historical water use record for the years 1965 and 1975 and then developed a long range projection of water use for the year 2000. Figures 1 through 2 indicate the data for the entire State of Kansas. Figure 3 indicates the 1975 and 2000 data for the Central Kansas area of seven counties. Figure 4 indicates the 1975 and 2000 data for the five westerly counties of the Central Kansas area. The water use data shown on these figures are the totals from all sources, streams, reservoirs and wells. 5 ... ~ I . ~ ~ II') ft)" ~~ 0) \9' .... ~ It ~. Q ~ ~ j ~ ~ a ~ It .~ ~ '" " ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ .0 , .... It .~ ~ ~ "" -l:! 111 o~ a I ~ ~ lc)'b~ \9~ \l\~<;) ,-..3<;) I'r) .... "", ~.-, ~~ I$' 11LS 0 N COMPANY eNOINB..R' ARCHITI!CTS t II() ~~ 0).... "' )0.. J'f \()~ \9\Q ~It "l~ -..:"" .C3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ I:) ~ " 1 '<l " c.. 't.. ."l ~ ~ v, I:: ~ FILE DATE Pel;. /98/ Figure / .\1 , 'i. OJ IJ ~ Il Q~ ,0 ~II') \::) '<::5 ~ ~ ~ Q\ ~ ~ ~ ... q, ~ ~ II I ~ S Cl t "t ~ ~ ~ <:) ,'" , ~ qJ '1.. Qat ! \) ~~ ~ Il 0 a ~ ll' .~ ~ , ~ ~ "\.. tw) ~ j 'Il 0,) .... ~ , ~ .'? .0 cS , ~ "\.. ll' ti .~ \ ~ ~ ~ 1'LSON COMPANY I!MOtNIl..R.1 ARC"'T&CTS t FlU; DATE Feh. /98/ F19""e 2 r . . ~.~ , \\!~ <1'\ <;) 1\)" .~ II) ~ " .... ~ .., !.oj ~~ <II I.t }~ ..... 11<::1 C7 I € ~1l1 ~ ~ ~ 'Ii ;) ..... ~ ,,~ ~ ~ ~ ~lI) <n ~ '!'\~ <::I ~ .~ ~ .~ IT) ~ !-.. ~ 1q ~05 ~... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1Q ~~ 0 ~ '" ..... ~~ ~ ~ t- It ~'& l) .~ ~ I. ~~ (J ~ 2 ~ II) ~ L~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ t':~ II ~.~ ~ ~ ..... 'oCl ~ ~ t,. s~ ~ ' ~ ~ ~ ~~ \l .\1 .\J tcS ~~ ~ ... ..... "I1'f) .~ ~QJ~ ~ .~ ::IE j Q:;o ~ ~ ~ .....~ ..... u~ ~~ (t." € ,~ ... . ,"'~ \;.. q) "'''..... .... \) .S ~~ ...!:l '" " \)~ ~ () g I .~ V, 4) ~ ~ 1 <)' 9'\~ t-.: ~"'l: :<l ~ .<: ': O)jlY) ~~ ~~ ...... (]) ."l ~ " ,(]) ~ ~(J)' I . ~~ FILE .Il ... ........~ 11LS 0 N (t~..... COMPANY CATe I. EI\i !NOINal.R.S Feb./~81 ~O ARC"IT&CTS.t ~ F/9ure .3 ..\:! ~" Il')"t; i. lr!~ q, ~ 1IJ I l) qj "> ~ , ~ I..~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ "" .... ~ ~ .~ <: .l:: 1..9 \9 ~(J) \S '10. .~o~ ~~ \\t ~ ",..... II ...: ~ I Q .~~ "<l ~.1:l ~\3 ~ \) ~ .\1 ~ ~~ ... \) ......... j .~~ -s .... ~ 3 \l~ ~ ~~ ~ ::\ ~ Il~ ~ E !.. - ..... '6 ~~ II ~~ .", ~ ~ q, ., '" ~ ~ (J' I\) 't..,. CtJ ~ j 0.... .\J. , ........ ~~ ~~ ~E .... l:: ~ .....~ ~ c3 .0 ~ .... < ~ ~~ 'i: ~ \ q, ~ ~ ~ ~.o ~ t-.. ~ ~ ... II .,., ~~ ~~ 'fo. .'" ~ .1:l q, c:s ~ ~ ~ ~ l.}~ ~ \) , ~~ ~ III ::. t-:~ ~ & .\1 lJ).... ::t ~...... ....:j ~ ~ .\J ~ q; ... 'O~ ~ ~ q,~ 'l... ......... ~~ ~~ ~ Sl(j "f<.:i~ ~"o!l FILE ~ 11LSON ~ COMPANY DATI! !HOIHIU,JI,S Feb. /981 C( ARCHIT&CTS t FI.gl.Jre /f I CURRENT LONG RANGE PLANNING Many communities and industries in the Central Kansas area having already become concerned with providing future water supplies to meet demands have filed requests for municipal and industrial (M&I) water storage capacity in Federal reservoirs. Some of the M&I storage is controlled by the State through WRB. The rest is controlled by Federal agencies. Summary of Applications For Water Supply Reservoirs in Central Kansas Not Currently State ManaRed State ManaRed Milford Marion Kanopolis Waconda Wilson (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) McPherson 10.71 1.00 4.93 Post Rock RWD 4.02 Salina 10.71 32.14 Wichita 53.57 44.64 Abilene 1.37 KPL 20.00 32.00 32.00 30.00 Junction City 4.45 GWMD fJ2 17 .86 Hillsboro 2.60 Iola .30 Marion 1.00 Ft. Riley 13.00 Humboldt .20 Steven Kuspense .07 Sunflower Elec. 8.93 8.93 Western Power Div. Central Tele. 55.80 131.67 5.17 117.73 40.93 94.7 6 L__n__ J 1- Some water users who rely on groundwater supplies are members of Ground- water Management Districts that enable input into sustaining the quantity and quality of existing supplies. Still others have not needed to or have not yet become concerned over their longer range water supply needs. Collectively, however, these entities form the nucleus of an area that may be a prime candidate for a regional water supply plan. LONG RANGE PLANNING The Kansas Department of Health and Environment, through its Bureau of Water Supply, has embarked on a program of identifying community water supply problems throughout the state. Currently many of the water supply problems identified exist in eastern and southeastern Kansas. In the absence of adequate quantities of quality groundwater supplies, this area is looking to existing and proposed surface supplies, primarily reservoirs, and considering regional water supply facilities and Wholesale Water Districts as a means of establishing adequate revenue base to address water supply problems on a regional basis. This approach, through a cooperative effort of participating entities, can result in construction of long range water supply facilities that take advantage of economy-of-scale that could not be realized if the individual agencies proceeded separately. As noted previously, many communities and industries in the Central Kansas area have applied for water supply storage in area reservoirs. Further study will be required to determine the most feasible and economical means to transport and treat these waters to and for these users and any others who may elect to be considered in a planning effort. None of the current completed studies has addressed the part that the largest single water user in the Central Kansas area, irrigation, will play in developing long range water supply plans. For example, the status of the Kanopolis Irrigation District could have major effect on future domestic water. supplies from the Kanopolis Reservoir. Similarly, the future approach to irrigation usage in the Equus Bed Groundwater Management District from which several of the Central Kansas communities acquire their municipal supplies could impact on a long range water supply plan. Projections of water demands for irrigation purpose is in excess of 50 percent of total water use demands in the seven county Central Kansas Area. This compares with irrigation demands in excess of 80 percent of total water demands state-wide. Another factor which will effect the economic feasibility of long range water supply alternatives is the treatment costs associated with varying water quality in the several reservoirs under consideration. El Dorado has implemented plans to address their long range supply needs. El Dorado will have the nearly completed El Dorado Lake available for water supply. This new reservoir constructed through Corp of Engineers will encompass two existing reservoirs which have served the City for many years. Additional water supplies for municipal and industrial purposes may be available from this facility when completed. 7 Wichita has investigated the feasibility of attaining additional water supply from the proposed Corbin Reservoir on the Chikaskia River in South Central Kansas. It appears likely that Corbin will not be constructed and even if it were, the water storage and supply costs to the City of Wichita are projected to be higher than from other potential sources under consideration. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS Two rather significant developments have occurred in the past year which could stimulate interest in longer range planning in Central Kansas. 1. Corps of Engineers Study of Water Supply Problems in the Kansas and Osage Rivers. 2. Kansas Power and Light Company has been granted permission to purchase 20.0 MGD of water a day from Milford Reservoir. Corps of Engineers' Study The Kansas City District, Corps of Engineers has begun a water management study of problems in the Kansas and Osage River basins in Kansas. This study was authorized by resolutions of the Public Works Committee of the United States Senate and House of Representatives through requests initiated by the Kansas Water Resources Board. The study has two purposes, which are water supply and mineral intrusion control. These studies have been combined with an ongoing study of bank stabilization on the Kansas River and tributaries. The Kansas Water Resources Board has compiled projected water supply needs for the 38 county study area based on urban domestic, rural domestic and industrial water demands. The figures indicate that 1975 water supply needs for urban domestic, rural domestic and industrial usage totalled 194 million gallons per day. For 1985 and 2000 the usage is expected to be 225 mgd and 268 mgd, respectively, an increase of 38 percent. The Fact Sheet for the Corps project Jloes on to say: "There is a great disparity in future needs on a county by county basis. The heavy water supply demand areas of. Sedgwick County and the. counties along the Kansas River corridor with population centers at Salina, Junction City, Topeka, Lawrence and in Johnson and Wyandotte Counties, all show high values for future needs. This indicates at least the expansion of treatment and distribution systems to accommodate the increases. However, these population centers are located in close proximity to water sources with a relatively high degree of reliability. Counties away from the known reliable sources with project demand increases will also require treatment and distribution expansions; however, in many cases source capability may not even meet existing needs during drought periods and new sources will have to be developed at great expense in comparison to the fiscal capability of the supplies or suppliers having the needs. 8 "The demand data has been presented on a county basis and does little to indicate the needs of public supplies within the county. This is especially important for counties which show no increases in usage above that experience in 1975. However, when combined with data previously provided on water availability and quality and information which follows on source needs, it is a useful tool in determining which portions of the study area may have critical long term needs. "Sources. The earlier discussion of water availability and quality demonstrated the drought susceptibility of surface and groundwater supplies for much of the region. Small streams with low volume flow prove to be inadequate supplies as do wells with low yields. Small community impoundments also prove to be inadequate'supplies as do wells with low yields. Small community impoundments also prove to be unreliable during times of drought or after sediment reduces the original effective capacity. Geographical distribution of supply is also a problem when adequate supplies are not accessible to the locations where a need exists. Finally, quality is also a consideration. Mineral intrusion and its adverse impacts on ground and surface supplies were discussed. ,In some parts of the study area where groundwater is pumped from deep wells, the water is so hard or mineralized as to render it unusable. Of course, there is also degradation due to other nat~al or man-made pollution." KPL Water Purchase On 19 June 1974, Kansas Power & Light Company filed an application for water from Milford Reservoir. The KPL application was preceded by one from Abilene, Kansas, filed on 21 May 1974. Early in 1980, KPL requested from KWRB to contract for the 20.00 mgd from Milford for which they had filed. A public hearing was held on 25 November 1980, by KWRB to receive input on KPL request. Subsequent to the public hearing the request by KPL was approved by the Chief Engineer. Cost of the water currently is $.07402/ 1,000 gallons at the Reservoir. Kansas Power and Light also has applications on file (12 February 1980) for water from Kanopolis and Waconda (Glen Elder) Reservoirs. The State of Kansas has not purchased water supply storage in either of these reservoirs, however, the applications have been accepted and are on file. 9 WATER SUPPLY ALTERNATIVES The long range trend for continued increase in water consumption by all water users and the continued decline of water quality from all sources for the State as a whole seem established. Faced with these trends, what are the alternatives to current water supply sources for municipalities? Alternatives for consideration include: .. 1. Conservation Practices. Conservation is utilized by many municipalities throughout the midwest through an active public relations program and/or the pricing structure of the water. Studies of various conservation programs indicate that during extreme emergencies, significant water savings can be realized. However the same studies indicate that the effect of a conser- vation program will be short lived and once the emergency has passed or the customer become accustomed to paying higher prices for water the consumption will increase. Also the regional overall water use savings that can be brought about even where conservation is practiced is very small due to the fact that the water users where conservation is most effective, municipal and industrial, represent a very small percentage of the total water usage. 2. Expansion of existinR well fields in locally available groundwater aquifers and provide treatment if necessary. Expansion of existing well fields is the general plan followed by most of the communities which rely on groundwater supplies. As expansion of existing well fields occurs, communities will be required to go to more remote areas to maintain quality or develop locally available groundwater supplies of marginal water quality and consider treatment. State and local regulations regarding additional water appropriation permits and well spacing requirements, water quality requirements, along with the increasing cost of land for well sites will require continuing involvement by the individual communities. It is likely that by the year 2000 under current water use projects, virtually all groundwater sources utilized for domestic purposes will require some type of treatment beyond chlorination. Under current State and Federal regula- tions the responsibility for the quality of the delivered water falls on the purveyor of the water. Thus the expansion of existing groundwater supplies will require increasing financial requirements to assure regulatory requirements are met. . 3. Develop local surface water .supply sources and provide treatment. Most communities in Central Kansas acquire their water supplies from ground- water. The utilization of existing local surface supplies and providing treatment facilitie.s may be an alternative for consideration as a supplement to or a replacement of existing groundwater supply. This alternative will 10 be limited somewhat by the relatively few existing local surface supplies available in Central Kansas for water supply. Construction of new surface water reservoirs with treatment facilities for water supply purposes may be considered. The economic feasibility of developing existing or new local surface water supplies would need to address: 1. Location of supply from point of use. . . 2. Amount of water required - total supply or supplemental supply. 3. Number of participating entities involved. 4. Capabilities of reservoir as a long term reliable source. 5. Economics of operating and maintaining two sources of water supply, surface and groundwater. 6. Water Quality - treatment requirements. Existing or new local water supply reservoirs .may also be an alternative should inter-basin transfers of water become a reality. The transfer of water supply from the areas of the State may be used to maintain water supply levels in local water supply reservoirs. . 4. Inter basin transfers of water from areas in State with excess water to areas of State which are deficient. The inter basin and intra basin transfers of water became a necessity in the far western states during the 60's and 70's. California, Arizona and Oregon undertook large water projects to tranport water from areas in the northern parts of California and southern Oregon where water suppliers were plentiful to areas in southern California and Arizona where there was no water. In the midwest, Oklahoma City and similar communities in Oklahoma have planned and are constructing large projects to transport water. Excess water supplies in the eastern portion of that State will be transported more than 100 miles for use as water supply in the central portion of the State. Much turmoil was present during the formative years of these projects but from it has come information that other states, who see a similar problem in their future, have been able to utilize. Thus South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado and Wyoming are considering projects involving transporting large amounts of water from existing supply sources to remote areas of need. Existing studies underway will be addressing the feasibility of need of inter state transfers of water for supply purposes. The High Plains Study is examining a six state area of the central United States for the feasibility of transporting water from water abundant areas to areas of need. Closer to home water purveyors in the Kansas City area are c~rrently working on a project to transfer water from the Missouri River to the Kansas River Basin to supplement existing supply sources. Numerous communities and rural water districts are banding together to form regional water supply districts to share existing supply sources. This regionalization of water supply facilities has been enhanced by the Wholesale Water Supply District Legislation of 1977. 11 L r . . 5. Wastewater effluent reuse. A 20-30 percent reduction in water use by urban domestic and industrial water users could be realized by reclaiming wastewater for reuse. The concept of reuse is not new and the technology exists to sucessfully implement this alternative. However, the acceptance of reclamation of wastewater for water supply purposes has not caught on to the majority of water users 'or the purveyors of water. Until such time as the general public recognizes wastewater as an acceptable available water supply and is able to dispel the negative aesthetics that now persists, this alternative is not expected to receive wide spread support. . . WHOLESALE WATER SUPPLY DISTRICTS Legislation passed in 1977 provides for the joint creation and operation of wholesale water supply districts (by certain public agencies, prescribing certain powers and duties therefor; providing for the issuance of certain revenue bonds and no fund warrants). Several wholesale districts have formed or are in the preliminary stages of forming in the eastern and southeastern portion of the State under this legislation. The legislation outlines the procedures required for formation of a Whole- sale Water Supply District and is similar to incorporation procedures for RWD's throughout the State. SUGGESTED WATER SUPPLY PLANNTNG ACTIVITIES Many communities and water users in Central Kansas are being confronted with water supply concerns. The ability of existing supply and delivery systems in meeting increasing needs and demands are threatened. For various reasons the quality of water from existing supplies are deteriorating. There is increased competition for the locally available water supplies. Each water user must review their position under these changing conditions and develop appropriate courses of action. In some cases it may be expedient for several entities to group together to seek a mutual solution to their short a~d long term water supplies. The following suggestions are listed to assist governing bodies in assessing their current status and to point the way to possible solutions. . 1. Review your current situation and determine your immediate, short term and long term needs. Your review should include the status, both quantity and quality of your supply sources. You should determine the capability of your delivery systems to meet projected user demands. . . 2. The information developed then could be of use to planning groups such as the KDHE Water Quality and Supply Division, the Kansas Water Resources Board, the Corps of Engineers and local or regional agencies which may be formed. 3. Serious consideration should be given to formation of a Central Kansas Water Supply Agency. In the initial stages the Agency could be a loose knit coalition of interested water users which would monitor on going activities such as the Corps of Engineer Study, review State and Federal 12 .... r legislative activities which may effect water users, collect factual water needs data from the participating groups and develop strategies for short and long range water supply systems for the Central Kansas Area. The agency could act as a clearinghouse and advisor to participating groups in water supply problems and solutions. The first step would be to form a Steering Committee which would develop a detailed scope of activities and goals. There would be a requirement for funding to implement these initial activities. . . .' 4. Depending on the success of the initial activity of the Central Kansas Water Supply Agency, a more formalized organization could be developed. One possibility could be a free standing agency which,' operating on its own sources of revenue, would supply water to its various customers. Other activities could include monitoring and possibly active participation in the management of all water resources of Central Kansas. 5. Some of the areas the water users of Central Kansas may wish to explore include: a. Is there interest in a Central Kansas Water Supply Agency? b. Is 1983 a realistic date to await the Corps of Engineers' study? c. Would an interim water supply study for the specific regional planning area be appropriate? d. Would each participating group be willing to finance a reasonable share-of the costs of a regional planning group or agency? e. What are reasonable geographically boundaries of the planning group or agency? !. What legislative actions, legal, administrative, or funding may be required for a planning group or a permanent agency? ., ~. 13 "