Central Kansas Long Range Water Supply Considerations
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CENTRAL KANSAS
LONG RANGE WATER
SUPPLY CONSIDERATIONS
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T;'LSON
COMPANY
ENGINEERS 4
ARCHITECTS I
SALIHA _ KANSAS
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PREFACE
This document has been prepared to assist Central Kansas local governments
and interested agencies. in assessing the goals long range water supply
planning should pursue. A brief description of the various water supply
sources developed or being considered is followed by a discussion of the
quality of waters from these sources. A summary of the uses to which the
water obtained from the various sources is presented. The current status
of several long range planning efforts are reviewed. A number of alterna-
tives for future development are discussed. In this document the Central
Kansas area geographically includes the counties of Geary, Dickinson,
Saline, McPherson, Harvey, Reno and Sedgwick.
Prepared By
Wilson & Company
Engineers & Architects
631 E. Crawford
Salina, Kansas 67401
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INTRODUCTION
The recent history of higher than average summer temperatures combined with
lower than average moisture has again focused attention on the need for
reliable water supplies and delivery systems during stress demand periods.
Chronic shortages of water supplies and substandard performance of delivery
systems existed in 8 out of 10 water systems in Kansas in the 1976-77
drought period. The adverse climatic conditions appear to be repeating in
1980-81. Recent projections by the Kansas Water Resources Board estimate
that 25 percent of the Kansas water systems will experience water supply
shortages and 20 percent will develop water quality problems in cne 1980's.
It is imperative that adequate planning, institutional commitment, investment,
management and operation be provided to assure reliable water supplies and
delivery systems. The lack of initiative on the part of local units of
government will surely result in the inability to meet user needs under
stress conditions.
Central Kansas communities and water management groups faced with increased
demands by their consumers, limited water sources and deteriorating quality
in some areas must review their alternatives and select courses of action
which will govern their capabilities to meet consumer needs in the future.
CENTRAL KANSAS WATER SOURCES
Most Central. Kansas communities; industries, rural domestic users and
irrigators use local groundwater supplies to meet consumer demands. A few
communities use surface water sources to supplement their groundwater
supplies. Most notable of these are Wichita, which utilizes Cheney Reservoir
to supplement its Equus Beds well field and Salina which supple.ments it
local groundwater source with water obtained from the Smoky Hill River.
Adjacent to the Central Kansas area, Council Grove, El Dorado; Augusta,
Herington, Winfield and Wellington obtain all their water supplies from
surface reservoirs. The City of Hillsboro is in the process of converting
from wells to water obtained from Marion Reservoir. The only industry in
the Central Kansas area which currently uses water from surface supplies is
the Kansas Power and Light company electric production plant at Abilene.
Many agricultural irrigators have permits to obtain irrigation supplies
from adjacent streams. Plates 1 and 2 indicate the principal streams and
reservoirs which serve as water supply sources for communities. Plate 3
indicates the availability of groundwater supplies in the Central Kansas
Area; .
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,:~~ '< ~I .'" .-=::, . "1" . ". .. .,.;;;<~' f>L~ia S I.
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-:,'~ -:;:I, - ..... .
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----'-0 ~_ ; \ ~,. i'.;~- g./. ,r:~~', . /'9 : jP . ~"1~
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,,;;,.---
~
~
~
WATER QUALITY DATA
Surface Water Quality
Water quality for selected reservoirs and streams in Central Kansas have
been tabulated in Plate 4. The data were extracted from a Kansas Department
of Health and Environment sampling program conducted in 1976. Also included
for comparison is the recommended standards for drinking water as published
by several regulatory agencies. Plates 1 and 2 pictorially indicate the
general water quality of existing surface water supplies in Central Kansas.
Groundwater Quality
Groundwater quality information for the seven county Central Kansas area is
enclosed. The information is from the Geological Survey, Water Resources
Division from 1977-1978 analysis data. The quantifying of groundwater
quality is approximate based on available information and varies consid-
erable from county to county and from well to well. In general, the ground-
water quality has shown a declining quality trend for the seven county
area. This declining trend is expected to continue as groundwater pumpage
increases. Plate 5 pictorially indicates the general water quality of
existing groundwater supplies in Central Kansas.
4
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GROUNDWATER GUAL.lT'( ~ ,'. ': ~ ~:.~'i ~;.. _. _ \
.. .....~.~OTAL DI"SOLVED SOLIC>S)\/ ~.~,< ::;-- 1l4: ~ f .~ ~~.~' -J . ~
ffUrU 'I.. ';00 "'~ll ];'1'/i~""./ /tl)' 17!,.!.' '7~~ ":.\ill.:_C.. '-:~ =
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/.~ ~ ~ / . \ I {':.: I 1 f. !;~.. _i ~. ' 'i
_ >'000 rh~ll\" of 0,r'ii ' ""!0'(~ ,,:.../ ~'i'':;~ Jj,\ Dr ~I-::;,,,,:;. :!
._~ ff:r,;. a.tI ~MNER ,~~~~~.z ., t7 I-~ ft1GS /1 -, ..!r.' . ~s-~ ~
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WATER USE DATA
The Kansas Water Resources Board developed in 1979 a historical water use
record for the years 1965 and 1975 and then developed a long range projection
of water use for the year 2000. Figures 1 through 2 indicate the data for
the entire State of Kansas. Figure 3 indicates the 1975 and 2000 data for
the Central Kansas area of seven counties. Figure 4 indicates the 1975 and
2000 data for the five westerly counties of the Central Kansas area.
The water use data shown on these figures are the totals from all sources,
streams, reservoirs and wells.
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C( ARCHIT&CTS t
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I
CURRENT LONG RANGE PLANNING
Many communities and industries in the Central Kansas area having already
become concerned with providing future water supplies to meet demands have
filed requests for municipal and industrial (M&I) water storage capacity in
Federal reservoirs. Some of the M&I storage is controlled by the State
through WRB. The rest is controlled by Federal agencies.
Summary of Applications
For Water Supply
Reservoirs in Central Kansas
Not Currently
State ManaRed State ManaRed
Milford Marion Kanopolis Waconda Wilson
(mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (mgd) (mgd)
McPherson 10.71 1.00 4.93
Post Rock RWD 4.02
Salina 10.71 32.14
Wichita 53.57 44.64
Abilene 1.37
KPL 20.00 32.00 32.00 30.00
Junction City 4.45
GWMD fJ2 17 .86
Hillsboro 2.60
Iola .30
Marion 1.00
Ft. Riley 13.00
Humboldt .20
Steven Kuspense .07
Sunflower Elec. 8.93 8.93
Western Power Div.
Central Tele. 55.80
131.67 5.17 117.73 40.93 94.7
6
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Some water users who rely on groundwater supplies are members of Ground-
water Management Districts that enable input into sustaining the quantity
and quality of existing supplies. Still others have not needed to or have
not yet become concerned over their longer range water supply needs.
Collectively, however, these entities form the nucleus of an area that may
be a prime candidate for a regional water supply plan.
LONG RANGE PLANNING
The Kansas Department of Health and Environment, through its Bureau of
Water Supply, has embarked on a program of identifying community water
supply problems throughout the state. Currently many of the water supply
problems identified exist in eastern and southeastern Kansas. In the
absence of adequate quantities of quality groundwater supplies, this area
is looking to existing and proposed surface supplies, primarily reservoirs,
and considering regional water supply facilities and Wholesale Water Districts
as a means of establishing adequate revenue base to address water supply
problems on a regional basis. This approach, through a cooperative effort
of participating entities, can result in construction of long range water
supply facilities that take advantage of economy-of-scale that could not be
realized if the individual agencies proceeded separately.
As noted previously, many communities and industries in the Central Kansas
area have applied for water supply storage in area reservoirs. Further
study will be required to determine the most feasible and economical means
to transport and treat these waters to and for these users and any others
who may elect to be considered in a planning effort.
None of the current completed studies has addressed the part that the
largest single water user in the Central Kansas area, irrigation, will play
in developing long range water supply plans. For example, the status of
the Kanopolis Irrigation District could have major effect on future domestic
water. supplies from the Kanopolis Reservoir. Similarly, the future approach
to irrigation usage in the Equus Bed Groundwater Management District from
which several of the Central Kansas communities acquire their municipal
supplies could impact on a long range water supply plan. Projections of
water demands for irrigation purpose is in excess of 50 percent of total
water use demands in the seven county Central Kansas Area. This compares
with irrigation demands in excess of 80 percent of total water demands
state-wide.
Another factor which will effect the economic feasibility of long range
water supply alternatives is the treatment costs associated with varying
water quality in the several reservoirs under consideration.
El Dorado has implemented plans to address their long range supply needs.
El Dorado will have the nearly completed El Dorado Lake available for water
supply. This new reservoir constructed through Corp of Engineers will
encompass two existing reservoirs which have served the City for many
years. Additional water supplies for municipal and industrial purposes may
be available from this facility when completed.
7
Wichita has investigated the feasibility of attaining additional water
supply from the proposed Corbin Reservoir on the Chikaskia River in South
Central Kansas. It appears likely that Corbin will not be constructed and
even if it were, the water storage and supply costs to the City of Wichita
are projected to be higher than from other potential sources under
consideration.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Two rather significant developments have occurred in the past year which
could stimulate interest in longer range planning in Central Kansas.
1. Corps of Engineers Study of Water Supply Problems in the Kansas
and Osage Rivers.
2. Kansas Power and Light Company has been granted permission to
purchase 20.0 MGD of water a day from Milford Reservoir.
Corps of Engineers' Study
The Kansas City District, Corps of Engineers has begun a water management
study of problems in the Kansas and Osage River basins in Kansas. This
study was authorized by resolutions of the Public Works Committee of the
United States Senate and House of Representatives through requests initiated
by the Kansas Water Resources Board. The study has two purposes, which are
water supply and mineral intrusion control. These studies have been combined
with an ongoing study of bank stabilization on the Kansas River and tributaries.
The Kansas Water Resources Board has compiled projected water supply needs
for the 38 county study area based on urban domestic, rural domestic and
industrial water demands. The figures indicate that 1975 water supply
needs for urban domestic, rural domestic and industrial usage totalled 194
million gallons per day. For 1985 and 2000 the usage is expected to be 225
mgd and 268 mgd, respectively, an increase of 38 percent.
The Fact Sheet for the Corps project Jloes on to say:
"There is a great disparity in future needs on a county by county
basis. The heavy water supply demand areas of. Sedgwick County and the.
counties along the Kansas River corridor with population centers at
Salina, Junction City, Topeka, Lawrence and in Johnson and Wyandotte
Counties, all show high values for future needs. This indicates at
least the expansion of treatment and distribution systems to accommodate
the increases. However, these population centers are located in close
proximity to water sources with a relatively high degree of reliability.
Counties away from the known reliable sources with project demand
increases will also require treatment and distribution expansions;
however, in many cases source capability may not even meet existing
needs during drought periods and new sources will have to be developed
at great expense in comparison to the fiscal capability of the supplies
or suppliers having the needs.
8
"The demand data has been presented on a county basis and does little
to indicate the needs of public supplies within the county. This is
especially important for counties which show no increases in usage
above that experience in 1975. However, when combined with data
previously provided on water availability and quality and information
which follows on source needs, it is a useful tool in determining
which portions of the study area may have critical long term needs.
"Sources. The earlier discussion of water availability and quality
demonstrated the drought susceptibility of surface and groundwater
supplies for much of the region. Small streams with low volume flow
prove to be inadequate supplies as do wells with low yields. Small
community impoundments also prove to be inadequate'supplies as do
wells with low yields. Small community impoundments also prove to be
unreliable during times of drought or after sediment reduces the
original effective capacity. Geographical distribution of supply is
also a problem when adequate supplies are not accessible to the locations
where a need exists. Finally, quality is also a consideration.
Mineral intrusion and its adverse impacts on ground and surface supplies
were discussed. ,In some parts of the study area where groundwater is
pumped from deep wells, the water is so hard or mineralized as to
render it unusable. Of course, there is also degradation due to other
nat~al or man-made pollution."
KPL Water Purchase
On 19 June 1974, Kansas Power & Light Company filed an application for
water from Milford Reservoir. The KPL application was preceded by one from
Abilene, Kansas, filed on 21 May 1974. Early in 1980, KPL requested from
KWRB to contract for the 20.00 mgd from Milford for which they had filed.
A public hearing was held on 25 November 1980, by KWRB to receive input on
KPL request. Subsequent to the public hearing the request by KPL was
approved by the Chief Engineer. Cost of the water currently is $.07402/
1,000 gallons at the Reservoir. Kansas Power and Light also has applications
on file (12 February 1980) for water from Kanopolis and Waconda (Glen
Elder) Reservoirs. The State of Kansas has not purchased water supply
storage in either of these reservoirs, however, the applications have been
accepted and are on file.
9
WATER SUPPLY ALTERNATIVES
The long range trend for continued increase in water consumption by all
water users and the continued decline of water quality from all sources for
the State as a whole seem established. Faced with these trends, what are
the alternatives to current water supply sources for municipalities?
Alternatives for consideration include:
..
1. Conservation Practices. Conservation is utilized by many municipalities
throughout the midwest through an active public relations program and/or
the pricing structure of the water. Studies of various conservation programs
indicate that during extreme emergencies, significant water savings can be
realized. However the same studies indicate that the effect of a conser-
vation program will be short lived and once the emergency has passed or the
customer become accustomed to paying higher prices for water the consumption
will increase. Also the regional overall water use savings that can be
brought about even where conservation is practiced is very small due to the
fact that the water users where conservation is most effective, municipal
and industrial, represent a very small percentage of the total water usage.
2. Expansion of existinR well fields in locally available groundwater
aquifers and provide treatment if necessary. Expansion of existing well
fields is the general plan followed by most of the communities which rely
on groundwater supplies. As expansion of existing well fields occurs,
communities will be required to go to more remote areas to maintain quality
or develop locally available groundwater supplies of marginal water quality
and consider treatment. State and local regulations regarding additional
water appropriation permits and well spacing requirements, water quality
requirements, along with the increasing cost of land for well sites will
require continuing involvement by the individual communities. It is likely
that by the year 2000 under current water use projects, virtually all
groundwater sources utilized for domestic purposes will require some type
of treatment beyond chlorination. Under current State and Federal regula-
tions the responsibility for the quality of the delivered water falls on
the purveyor of the water. Thus the expansion of existing groundwater
supplies will require increasing financial requirements to assure regulatory
requirements are met.
.
3. Develop local surface water .supply sources and provide treatment.
Most communities in Central Kansas acquire their water supplies from ground-
water. The utilization of existing local surface supplies and providing
treatment facilitie.s may be an alternative for consideration as a supplement
to or a replacement of existing groundwater supply. This alternative will
10
be limited somewhat by the relatively few existing local surface supplies
available in Central Kansas for water supply. Construction of new surface
water reservoirs with treatment facilities for water supply purposes may be
considered. The economic feasibility of developing existing or new local
surface water supplies would need to address:
1. Location of supply from point of use.
.
.
2.
Amount of water required - total supply or supplemental supply.
3. Number of participating entities involved.
4. Capabilities of reservoir as a long term reliable source.
5. Economics of operating and maintaining two sources of water
supply, surface and groundwater.
6. Water Quality - treatment requirements.
Existing or new local water supply reservoirs .may also be an alternative
should inter-basin transfers of water become a reality. The transfer of
water supply from the areas of the State may be used to maintain water
supply levels in local water supply reservoirs.
.
4. Inter basin transfers of water from areas in State with excess water
to areas of State which are deficient. The inter basin and intra basin
transfers of water became a necessity in the far western states during the
60's and 70's. California, Arizona and Oregon undertook large water projects
to tranport water from areas in the northern parts of California and southern
Oregon where water suppliers were plentiful to areas in southern California
and Arizona where there was no water. In the midwest, Oklahoma City and
similar communities in Oklahoma have planned and are constructing large
projects to transport water. Excess water supplies in the eastern portion
of that State will be transported more than 100 miles for use as water
supply in the central portion of the State. Much turmoil was present
during the formative years of these projects but from it has come information
that other states, who see a similar problem in their future, have been
able to utilize. Thus South Dakota, North Dakota, Colorado and Wyoming are
considering projects involving transporting large amounts of water from
existing supply sources to remote areas of need. Existing studies underway
will be addressing the feasibility of need of inter state transfers of
water for supply purposes. The High Plains Study is examining a six state
area of the central United States for the feasibility of transporting water
from water abundant areas to areas of need. Closer to home water purveyors
in the Kansas City area are c~rrently working on a project to transfer
water from the Missouri River to the Kansas River Basin to supplement
existing supply sources. Numerous communities and rural water districts
are banding together to form regional water supply districts to share
existing supply sources. This regionalization of water supply facilities
has been enhanced by the Wholesale Water Supply District Legislation of
1977.
11
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r
.
.
5. Wastewater effluent reuse. A 20-30 percent reduction in water use by
urban domestic and industrial water users could be realized by reclaiming
wastewater for reuse. The concept of reuse is not new and the technology
exists to sucessfully implement this alternative. However, the acceptance
of reclamation of wastewater for water supply purposes has not caught on to
the majority of water users 'or the purveyors of water. Until such time as
the general public recognizes wastewater as an acceptable available water
supply and is able to dispel the negative aesthetics that now persists,
this alternative is not expected to receive wide spread support.
.
.
WHOLESALE WATER SUPPLY DISTRICTS
Legislation passed in 1977 provides for the joint creation and operation of
wholesale water supply districts (by certain public agencies, prescribing
certain powers and duties therefor; providing for the issuance of certain
revenue bonds and no fund warrants). Several wholesale districts have
formed or are in the preliminary stages of forming in the eastern and
southeastern portion of the State under this legislation.
The legislation outlines the procedures required for formation of a Whole-
sale Water Supply District and is similar to incorporation procedures for
RWD's throughout the State.
SUGGESTED WATER SUPPLY PLANNTNG ACTIVITIES
Many communities and water users in Central Kansas are being confronted
with water supply concerns. The ability of existing supply and delivery
systems in meeting increasing needs and demands are threatened. For various
reasons the quality of water from existing supplies are deteriorating.
There is increased competition for the locally available water supplies.
Each water user must review their position under these changing conditions
and develop appropriate courses of action. In some cases it may be expedient
for several entities to group together to seek a mutual solution to their
short a~d long term water supplies. The following suggestions are listed
to assist governing bodies in assessing their current status and to point
the way to possible solutions.
.
1. Review your current situation and determine your immediate, short term
and long term needs. Your review should include the status, both quantity
and quality of your supply sources. You should determine the capability of
your delivery systems to meet projected user demands.
.
.
2. The information developed then could be of use to planning groups such
as the KDHE Water Quality and Supply Division, the Kansas Water Resources
Board, the Corps of Engineers and local or regional agencies which may be
formed.
3. Serious consideration should be given to formation of a Central Kansas
Water Supply Agency. In the initial stages the Agency could be a loose
knit coalition of interested water users which would monitor on going
activities such as the Corps of Engineer Study, review State and Federal
12
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legislative activities which may effect water users, collect factual water
needs data from the participating groups and develop strategies for short
and long range water supply systems for the Central Kansas Area. The
agency could act as a clearinghouse and advisor to participating groups in
water supply problems and solutions. The first step would be to form a
Steering Committee which would develop a detailed scope of activities and
goals. There would be a requirement for funding to implement these initial
activities.
.
.
.'
4. Depending on the success of the initial activity of the Central Kansas
Water Supply Agency, a more formalized organization could be developed.
One possibility could be a free standing agency which,' operating on its own
sources of revenue, would supply water to its various customers. Other
activities could include monitoring and possibly active participation in
the management of all water resources of Central Kansas.
5. Some of the areas the water users of Central Kansas may wish to explore
include:
a. Is there interest in a Central Kansas Water Supply Agency?
b. Is 1983 a realistic date to await the Corps of Engineers' study?
c. Would an interim water supply study for the specific regional
planning area be appropriate?
d. Would each participating group be willing to finance a reasonable
share-of the costs of a regional planning group or agency?
e. What are reasonable geographically boundaries of the planning
group or agency?
!. What legislative actions, legal, administrative, or funding may
be required for a planning group or a permanent agency?
.,
~.
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