Raw Water Supply Report
RAW WATER SUPPLY
STUDY
PREPARED FOR:
CITY OF SALINA, KANSAS
PREPARED By:
HDR ENGINEERING, INC.
WILSON & COMPANY ENGINEERS AND ARCHITECTS
LAYNE CHRISTENSEN COMPANY
FINAL: FEBRUARY, 2010
HDR No. 0000094250
Salina Raw Water Supply Study
HDR No. 0000094250
Table of Contents
Executive Summary........................................................................................................................... 1-1
2 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. ......2-1
3 Comprehensive Description of Existing System ............................................................................... 3-1
3.1 Overview of Study Area ............................................................................................................ 3-1
3.2 Water Supply Sources and Production....................................................................................... 3-1
3.2.1 Smoky Hill River Intake.................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2.2 Downtown W ellfield.......................................................................................................... 3-4
3.2.3 South Wellfield .................................................................................................................. 3-5
3 .3 Water Treatment Facilities......................................................................................................... 3-5
3.4 Water Distribution System......................................................................................................... 3-6
3.4.1 Pressure Zones................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.4.2 Distribution Piping............................................................................................................. 3-6
3.4.3 Pumping Stations............................................................................................................... 3- 7
3 .4.4 Water Storage..................................................................................................................... 3-7
4 Demand Projections.......................................................................................................................... .4-1
4.1 Population Projections............................................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Historical Population Trends.................... ........................................................................ .4-1
4.1.2 Existing Population Proj ections ......................................................................................... 4-2
4.1.3 Population Projections for Planning Horizon ....................................................................4-4
4.2 Historical Water Use.................................................................................................................. 4-6
4.3 Future Reserve Capacity ............................................................................................................ 4-8
4.4 Demand Projections For Planning Horizon ...............................................................................4-8
5 Water Rights...................................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Existing Water Rights...... ....... ........................................... ..................... ...................................5-1
5.1.1 Summary of Vested and Appropriate Rights ..................................................................... 5-1
5.1.2 Impacts of Senority ............................................................................................................ 5-4
5.2 Water Rights and Future Demands ............................................................................................ 5-8
5 .2.1 Normal Conditions............................................................................................................. 5-8
5.2.2 Drought Conditions.......................................................................................................... 5-1 0
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6 Existing and Future Regulatory Review............................................................................................ 6-1
6.1 Existing Regulatory Review ................................................................................................ ...... 6-1
6.2 Recent Regulations.................................................................................................................... 6-4
6.2.1 Stage 2 Disinfection Byproducts Rule (DBPR) .................................................................6-4
6.2.2 Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (L T2ESWTR)............................6-5
6.3 Future Regulations..................................................................................................................... 6-7
6.3.1 Containment Candidate List (CCL) ...................................................................................6-7
6.3.2 Total Coliform Rule Revisions......................... .................................................................6- 7
6.3.3 Lead and Copper Rule Revisions....................................................................................... 6-8
6.4 Regulatory Meeting.................................................................................................................... 6-9
7 Review of Existing Sources of Supply .................... ........................................ ..................................7-1
7.1 Smoky Hill River Assessment..................................................... .................. ............................7-1
7.1.1 Supply Characteristics...................................................................... ..................................7-1
7.1.2 Raw Water Quality........................................................................................ ..................... 7-6
7.1.3 Standard Procedures for Withdrawal................................................................................. 7-8
7.1.4 Smoky Hill River Recommendations ................................................................................7-8
7.2 Downtown Well field Assessment ...... .... .................................................................................... 7-8
7 .2.1 Water Rights........................................... ................................. ..........................................7-9
7 .2.2 Well Capacity Estimates ........... ............................................ ............................................. 7-9
7.2.3 Hydrogeology ......................... ............................................... .................. ........................ 7 -11
7.2.4 Drought Impacts............................................................................................................... 7 -11
7.2.5 Raw Water Quality.......................................... ..................... ............................................ 7 -15
7.2.6 Anthropogenic Contamination ............................................. ............................................ 7 -16
7.2.7 Downtown Wellfield Recommendations .........................................................................7 -18
7.3 South Wellfield Assessment .................................................................................................... 7-18
7.3 .1 Water Rights.. ............ ...................................................................................................... 7 -19
7.3 .2 Well Capacity Estimates........................ ........ ........................ ......... .................. ............... 7 -19
7.3.3 Hydrogeology ......................... ......................................................................................... 7 -20
7.3.4 Drought Impacts................................................................................. ..............................7 -20
7.3.5 Raw Water Quality..................................... ...................................................................... 7 - 20
7.3.6 Anthropogenic Contamination ......................................................................................... 7 -21
7.3.7 South W ellfie1d Recommendations.................................................................................. 7 -23
7.4 Existing Facilities..................................................................................................................... 7 -23
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7.4.1 Treatment Process Evaluation................................. ......................................................... 7 -23
7.4.2 Distribution Systems Evaluation...................................................................................... 7 -27
7.4.3 Systems Deficiencies....................................................................................................... 7 -27
7 .4.4 Water Treatment Recommendations .......................................................... ...................... 7 -29
7.5 Artificial Recharge Potential.................................................................................................... 7 -32
7 .5.1 Near-Term Maximization of Existing Surface Water Right............................................ 7-32
7.5 .2 New Surface Water Diversion ......................................................................................... 7 - 33
7.5.3 Direct Recharge Using Ponds.......................................................................................... 7 - 34
7.5.4 Direct Recharge Using Wells........................................................................................... 7 -34
7.5.5 Direct Recharge Using River Oxbox ............................................................................... 7-35
7.5.6 Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) System ................................................................. 7 -35
7.5.7 Aquifer Recharge Recommendations. ............. .......................................... ......... ............. 7 -37
7.6 Conjunctive Use....................................................................................................................... 7 -38
7.6.1 Current Operation Procedures .......... .......................................... ......................................7 -38
7.6.2 Proposed Operation Procedures ....................................................................................... 7-39
7. 7 Water Balance ModeL.............................................................................................................. 7 -43
7.7.1 Precipitation Outlook....................................................................................................... 7 -43
7.7.2 Regression Analysis of Historical Streamflow................................................................ 7-45
7.7.3 Water Balance Model Conclusions ........................ ...................... .................. ........... ....... 7 -4 7
8 Conservation Plan.............................................................................................................................. 8-1
8.1 Water Conservation Plan ...........................................................................................................8-1
8.1.1 Existing Plan ...................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.1.2 Current Requirements........................................................................................................ 8-2
8.1.3 Water Use Efficiency ................................................................ .........................................8-3
8.1.4 Drought/Emergency Response Plan................................................................................... 8-3
8.1.5 Recommended Modifications............................................................................................ 8-8
8.2 Impact of Private Wells............................................................................................................ 8-11
8.3 Water Conservation Measures ................................................................................................. 8-13
8.3.1 Existing Conservation Measures..... .......... ....... ................. ...............................................8-13
8.3.2 Potential Conservation Measures..................................................................................... 8-14
8.3.3 Recommended Conservation Measures ........................................................................... 8-14
8 .4 Water Conservation Rate Structures........... ............ .................... .................. ...........................8-19
8.4.1 Existing Water Rate Structure.......................................................................................... 8-20
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8.4.2 Recommendation Modifications...................................................................................... 8-20
8 .5 Water Loss Analysis................................................................................................................ 8-22
8.5.1 Existing Water Loss......................................................................................................... 8- 22
8.5.2 Recommended Modifications.......................................................................................... 8-23
8.6 Demand Impacts Prom Water Conservation ............................................................................ 8-24
9 Water Reuse Evaluation............................................................................ .........................................9-1
9.1
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.1.3
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.3.3
9.3.4
9.4
9.5
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11
11.1
11.2
Regulatory Requirements........................................................................................................... 9-1
State Regulations ............................................................................................................... 9-1
P ederal Guidelines............................................................................................................. 9- 2
Approval Process............................................................................................................... 9-3
Existing Conditions.................................................................................................................... 9-5
Wastewater Effluent Quantity............................................................................................ 9-5
Wastewater Effluent Quality.............................................................................................. 9-6
Application Options................................................................................................................. 9-11
Municipal Recreational Irrigation.................................................................................... 9-12
Industrial Uses ................................................................................................................. 9-14
Groundwater Recharge.................................................................................................... 9-15
Direct Reuse..................................................................................................................... 9-17
Necessary Upgrades................................................................................................................. 9-18
Impacts on Downstream Water Rights .................................................................................... 9-22
New Sources of Supply ................................................................................................................1 0-1
Saline River.............................................................................................................................. 10-1
Confluence of Smoky Hill River and Solomon River .............................................................10-3
Acquisition of Existing Irrigation Water Rights ......................................................................10-5
Reservoir Construction............................................................................................................ 10-9
Dakota Aquifer......................................................................................................................... 10-9
Kanopolis Reservoir............................................................................................................... 10-12
Milford Reservoir................................................................................................................... 10-15
Wilson Reservoir................................................................................................................... 10-17
Water Assurance District Development.................................................................................1 0-18
Alternatives.................................................................................................................................. 11-1
Alternatives Evaluation Process...............................................................................................11-1
Problem Definition/Project Objectives............... ......... .............. .......... ................ .................. ..11-2
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11.3 Identification of Alternatives ...................................................................................................11-2
1104 Preliminary Screening of Alternatives .....................................................................................11-7
11.5 Alternatives Evaluation...... ................................................. ................................................... 11-16
11.5.1 Alternatives Evaluation Process..................................................................................... 11-16
11.5.2 Alternatives Evaluation Criteria..................................................................................... 11-16
11.5.3 Description of Alternatives ............................................................................................ 11-20
11.6 Results of Alternatives Evaluation.........................................................................................11-29
12 Source of Supply Requirements......... ............................................... ........ ................................... 12-1
13 Capital Improvements Plan............... ........................................................................................... 13-1
13.1 Supply Source and Engineering Considerations ......................................................................13-1
13.2 Capital Improvements Plan Phases.......................................................................................... 13-2
13.3 Financing.............................................................................................................................. ..13-11
1304 On-Going Considerations ..................................................... .................. .......................... .....13-12
13 .4.1 Water Conservation........................................................................................................ 13-13
13 .4.2 Water Reuse................................................................................................................... 13-14
1304.3 Creation of a Water Assurance District .........................................................................13-15
14 References....................................................................................................................... ............. 14-1
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Tables
TABLE 3-1 - RIVER WATER PUMPS CHARACTERISTICS
TABLE 3-2 - DOWNTOWN WELLFIELD CHARACTERISTICS
TABLE 3-3 - SOUTH WELLFIELD CHARACTERISTICS
TABLE 3-4 - DISTRIBUTION PIPING SIZES
TABLE 3-5 - BOOSTER PUMPING STATIONS CAPACITIES
TABLE 3-6 - STORAGE TANK CAPACITIES
TABLE 4-1 - POPULATION OF SALINA AND SALINE COUNTY -1970-2006
TABLE 4-2 - SUMMARY OF EXISTING POPULATION PROJECTIONS
TABLE 4-3 - POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR PLANNING HORIZON BASED ON EXISTING SOURCES
TABLE 4-4 - SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL WATER USAGE
TABLE 4-5 - HISTORICAL PER CAPITA WATER USAGE
TABLE 4-6 - FUTURE WATER USAGE REQUIREMENTS
TABLE 5-1 - SUMMARY OF DOWNTOWN WELLFIELD WATER RIGHTS - SA002, CERTIFICATE 7,635 AND 31,636
TABLE 5-2 - SUMMARY OF EXISTING WATER RIGHTS
TABLE 6-1 - FINISHED WATER QUALITY SUMMARY - CITY OF SALINA WATER TREATMENT PLANT
TABLE 6-2 - L T2ESWTR TREATMENT BIN SUMMARY
TABLE 6-3 - CRYPTOSPORIDlUM SAMPLING DATA
TABLE 7-1 - SMOKY HILL RIVER STREAM FLow TRENDS - USGS STREAM FLow GAGE AT MENTOR, KS
TABLE 7-2 - USACE MINIMUM RELEASES FROM KANOPOLlS RESERVOIR
TABLE 7-3 - PROPOSED IMPROVED WATER QUALITY RELEASE SCHEDULE FROM KANOPOLlS RESERVOIR
TABLE 7-4 - SMOKY H ILL RIVER RAw WATER QUALITY - CITY OF SALINA DATA LOGGERS 2003-PRESENT
TABLE 7-5 - SMOKY HILL RIVER RAw WATER QUALITY - KDHE & WILSON STUDY DATA 1990-2007
TABLE 7-6 - DOWNTOWN WELLFIELD CALCULATED PUMPING RATES AND AVAILABLE WATER RIGHTS
TABLE 7-7 - DOWNTOWN WELLFIELD RAw WATER QUALITY
TABLE 7-8 - SOUTH WELLFIELD RATED PUMPING CAPACITIES
TABLE 7-9 - SOUTH WELLFIELD RAw WATER QUALITY - NOVEMBER 2008
TABLE 7-10 - HISTORICAL SMOKY HILL RIVER USAGE ANALYSIS
TABLE 7-11 - SUMMARY OF ACTIVE RECHARGE METHODS
TABLE 7-12 - HISTORICAL AVERAGE CONJUNCTIVE USE 2003-2007
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TABLE 7-13 - OFF SEASON RIVER FLOW ANALYSIS - 2000-2006
TABLE 7-14 - LONG-RANGE PRECIPITATION OUTLOOK - SMOKY HILL RIVER BASIN DOWNSTREAM OF KANOPOLlS
RESERVOIR
TABLE 7-15 - REGRESSION ANALYSES OF SMOKY HILL RIVER - USGS STREAM FLOW GAGE AT MENTOR, KS
TABLE 8-1 - RECOMMENDED MODIFICATIONS TO DROUGHT/EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
TABLE 8-2 - Top 20 WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES FROM CITIZEN ADVISORY BOARD
TABLE 8-3 - RECOMMENDED TOp TEN WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES
TABLE 8-4 - WATER Loss DATA FROM DWR MUNICIPAL USE REPORTS (2001-2007)
TABLE 9-1 - SUMMARY OF KDHE MINIMUM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFLUENT REUSE
TABLE 9-2 - WWTP DAILY AVERAGE INFLUENT FLOW STATISTICS
TABLE 9-3 - CURRENT NPDES PERMIT LIMITS - KANSAS PERMIT No. M-SH33-I001- FEDERAL PERMIT NO.
KS00384 7 4
TABLE 9-4 - SUMMARY OF WASTEWATER QUALITY DATA - 2005-2007
TABLE 9-5 - SALINITY HAZARD AND EFFECTS OF VEGETATION
TABLE 9-6 - SARlSALlNITY HAZARD OF IRRIGATION WATER
TABLE 9-7 - WATER REUSE CATEGORIES AND TYPICAL ApPLICATIONS
TABLE 9-8 - POTENTIAL MUNICIPAL AND RECREATIONAL IRRIGATION WATER REUSE ApPLICATIONS
TABLE 9-9 - POTENTIAL INDUSTRIAL WATER REUSE ApPLICATIONS
TABLE 9-10 - WATER REUSE ALTERNATIVE REQUIREMENTS
TABLE 9-11 - WATER REUSE ALTERNATIVE COST SUMMARY
TABLE 10-1 - KANOPOLlS RESERVOIR STORAGE
TABLE 10-2 - CURRENT PENDING CONTRACTS - KANOPOLlS RESERVOIR
TABLE 10-3 - MULTI-PURPOSE POOL STORAGE - MILFORD RESERVOIR
TABLE 11-1 - SUMMARY OF INITIAL PLANNING LEVEL COSTS
TABLE 11-2 - SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF PRELIMINARY SCREENING
TABLE 11-3 - PAIRED COMPARISON MATRIX AND RESULTS
TABLE 11-4 - PAIRED COMPARISON MATRIX SURVEY RESULTS AND WEIGHTING FACTORS
TABLE 11-5 - ALTERNATIVES EVALUATION
TABLE 12-1 - YIELD OF DOWNTOWN WELLFIELD
TABLE 13-1 - PHASE I ENGINEER'S ESTIMATE OF PROBABLE COSTS
TABLE 13-2 - PHASE II ENGINEER'S ESTIMATE OF PROBABLE COSTS
TABLE 13-3 - PHASE III ENGINEER'S ESTIMATE OF PROBABLE COSTS
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TABLE 13-4 - PHASE IV ENGINEER'S ESTIMATE OF PROBABLE COSTS
TABLE 13-5 - PHASE V OPTION 1 ENGINEER'S ESTIMATE OF PROBABLE COSTS
TABLE 13-6 - PHASE V OPTION 2 ENGINEER'S ESTIMATE OF PROBABLE COSTS
TABLE 13-7 - RECOMMENDED TOp TEN WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES
Figures
FIGURE 3-1 - GENERAL LOCATION MAP
FIGURE 3-2 - GENERAL LOCATION OF CURRENT WATER SUPPLY SOURCES
FIGURE 3-3 - SCHEMATIC OF TREATMENT PROCESS FLOW
FIGURE 3-4 - MAP OF PUMPING STATIONS AND STORAGE TANK LOCATIONS
FIGURE 4-1 - POPULATION OF SALINA AND SALINE COUNTY 1970-2006
FIGURE 4-2 - COMPARISON OF EXISTING POPULATION PROJECTIONS
FIGURE 4-3 - POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR PLANNING HORIZON BASED ON EXISTING SOURCES
FIGURE 5-1 - SURFACE WATER RIGHT DIVERSION POINTS
FIGURE 5-2 - GROUNDWATER RIGHT DIVERSION POINTS
FIGURE 5-3 - ANNUAL WATER USE AND EXISTING WATER RIGHTS NORMAL CONDITIONS
FIGURE 5-4 - DEMANDS AND EXISTING WATER RIGHTS NORMAL CONDITIONS
FIGURE 5-5 - SHORTFALL OF WATER RIGHTS COMPARED TO DEMANDS (DOWNTOWN WELLFIELD ONLY)
FIGURE 5-6 - SHORTFALL OF WATER RIGHTS COMPARED TO DEMANDS (DOWNTOWN WELLFIELD AND SOUTH
WELLFIELD)
FIGURE 7-1 - GAINING STREAMS VS LOSING STREAMS
FIGURE 7-2 - SMOKY HILL RIVER FLOW DURATION CURVES - USGS STREAM FLOW GAGE AT MENTOR, KS
FIGURE 7-3 - HISTORICAL WATER LEVEL ELEVATIONS NEAR DOWNTOWN WELLFIELD
FIGURE 7-4 - OBSERVATION WELLS
FIGURE 7-5 - AQUIFER SATURATED THICKNESS - 2002 THROUGH 2006
FIGURE 7-6 - DOWNTOWN WELLFIELD CONTAMINATION PLUMES
FIGURE 7-7 - SOUTH WELLFIELD CONTAMINATION PLUMES
FIGURE7 -8 - GENERAL SCHEMATIC OF TREATMENT PROCESS FLOW
FIGURE 7-9 - DOWNTOWN WELLFIELD PIPING IMPROVEMENTS
FIGURE 7-10 . SMOKY HILL RIVER FLOOD PULSE NEAR DOWNTOWN WELLFIELD
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FIGURE 7-11 - MONTHLY STREAM FLOW TRENDS - SMOKY HILL RIVER AT MENTOR, KS
FIGURE 8-1 - SMOKY HILL RIVER FLOW DURATION CURVE - SUMMER 2000 - 2006
FIGURE 8-2 - SMOKY HILL RIVER FLow DURATION CURVE - WINTER 2000 - 2006
FIGURE 8-3 - SATURATED THICKNESS OF ALLUVIAL AQUIFER AT OAKDALE MONITORING WELL -1968-2008
FIGURE 8-4 - DOMESTIC AND LAWN/GARDEN WELL DEVELOPMENT IN AND AROUND THE CITY OF SALINA
FIGURE 8-5 - ESTIMATED PRIVATE WELL WATER USE
FIGURE 9-1 - WWTP DAILY INFLUENT FLOW, 2005-2007
FIGURE 9-2 - INDUSTRIAL REUSE OPPORTUNITIES
FIGURE 9-3 - POTENTIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT SCHEMATICS WITH WATER REUSE UPGRADES
FIGURE 9-4 - WATER REUSE SITES AND FACILITIES
FIGURE 10-1 - POTENTIAL NEW SOURCES OF SUPPLY
FIGURE 10-2 - WATER RIGHTS ALONG SALINE RIVER
FIGURE 10-3 - WATER RIGHTS ALONG SMOKY HILL RIVER NEAR CONFLUENCE
FIGURE 10-4 - GROUNDWATER RIGHT DIVERSION POINTS BY VOLUME (SALINE COUNTY)
FIGURE 10-5 - GROUNDWATER RIGHT DIVERSION POINTS BY PRIORITY DATE (SALINE COUNTY)
FIGURE 10-6 - DAKOTA AQUIFER GEOLOGICAL MAP
FIGURE 10-7 - CONTOUR MAP OF TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS - DAKOTA AQUIFER
FIGURE 10-8 - KANSAS RIVER BASINS
FIGURE 10-9 - WATER ASSURANCE DISTRICTS IN KANSAS
FIGURE 11-1 - SCHEMATIC OF WATER SUPPLY ALTERNATIVES PROCESS
FIGURE 12-1 - RAw WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS - MAXIMUM DAY DEMANDS
FIGURE 12-2 - RAw WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS ANNUAL VOLUME
FIGURE 13-1 - CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS PLAN TO MET MAXIMUM DAY DEMAND THROUGH 2060
FIGURE 13-2 - CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS PLAN TO MEET ANNUAL QUANTITY NEEDS THROUGH 2060
FIGURE 13-3 - SHORT-TERM CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT FINANCING PLAN (2009-2015) - DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION
PHASES 1 & II
FIGURE 13-4 - LONG-TERM CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT FINANCING PLAN (2016-2060) - DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION
PHASES III, IV, & V
FIGURE 13-5 - LONG-TERM CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT FINANCING PLAN (2016-2060) - DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION
PHASES III, IV, & V (ASSUMING ACQUISITION OF ADDITIONAL WATER RIGHTS FROM DWR PREVIOUSLY
COMPLETED)
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Appendices
ApPENDIX A - WATER RIGHT CERTIFICATES
ApPENDIX B - WATER RIGHT AND FUTURE DEMAND TABLES
ApPENDIX C - DRAFT CONTAMINANT CANDIDATE LIST 3
ApPENDIX D - REGULATORY MEETING NOTES
ApPENDIX E - DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PLAN CALCULATIONS
ApPENDIX F - WATER CONSERVATION PLAN - REVISED SEPTEMBER 2009
ApPENDIX G - POTENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES
ApPENDIX H - WATER REUSE COST ESTIMATES
ApPENDIX I - COST ESTIMATES OF PRELIMINARY ALTERNATIVES
ApPENDIX J - SUPPLY REQUIREMENT CALCLlLA TIONS
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In 2006 the City of Salina (City) experienced a historic drought event. Below-average precipitation during
the period of 2000 to 2006 resulted in declining streamflows in the Smoky Hill River. The City declared a
Water Emergency in July 2006 when the flow in the river declined to a historic low of 1.3 cfs. Based on that
experience, the City wanted to evaluate their water supply system and potential options for developing
additional water supply to avoid similar situations during future droughts.
HDR Engineering Inc., Wilson & Company Engineers & Architects, and Layne Christensen Company
teamed to develop the Raw Water Supply Study for the City of Salina. The purpose of this study was to
evaluate use of the City's existing water supply sources, the Smoky Hill River and the wellfields that tap the
alluvial aquifer, and identify and evaluate sustainable alternatives to meet the City of Salina's water supply
needs for the next fifty years. A Citizen's Advisory Board was set up to provide input to the project team
throughout the process. The study evaluated the following potential solutions:
. Optimization of the existing water supply sources, including future use of the Smoky Hill River,
recharge and future use of the existing wellfields, and the conjunctive use of the two existing
supply sources
. Water conservation as a method of conserving the existing water supply sources and potentially
delaying alternative water supplies
. Use of reclaimed water to meet large irrigation or industrial water needs
. Development of new sources of water supply including local reservoirs, rivers, aquifers, and a new
water supply reservoir
. Acquisition of existing water rights
. Development of a water assurance district
In addition to the evaluations, background information such as demand projections, existing water rights,
existing regulatory compliance were reviewed and evaluated.
Water use projections are the cornerstone of planning a water supply for the future. Future demands for
this study are based on population projections to estimate residential and commercial demands and a
reserve capacity for industrial development. Population projections from recent reports prepared for the
City were reviewed and population was projected linearly through year 2060. A per capita use rate of 126
gpcd was used to determine projected demands for the residential and commercial sector; this per capita
use rate is based on the previous 10 years of water use data. An industrial reserve capacity of 15% of the
demands was used to account for future industrial development within the city. Maximum demands were
determined based on a peaking factor reflective of the peak maximum day to average day ratio over the
past 10 years to represent drought conditions. Ultimately, in 2060 the demand projections indicate that the
City will need to supply 20 MGD to its customers.
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SECTION 1
The City currently has two main sources of supply, the Smoky Hill River and the Downtown Wellfield.
During drought periods the flow in the Smoky Hill River is highly variable while increased reliance on the
Downtown Wellfield can significantly lower aquifer levels. In addition to the Smoky Hill River and the
Downtown Wellfield, the City also has water rights for the South Wellfield; however, this wellfield is not
currently used due to water quality issues and lack of water treatment. The City of Salina maintains several
active water rights with the Kansas Department of Agriculture Division of Water Resources for these water
supply sources. The maximum total water available to the City (surface and groundwater) in any given
year is 11,837 acre-ft at a maximum diversion rate of 25.8 MGD. The City maintains an active water right
on the Smoky Hill River for 5,028 acre-ft at a maximum flow rate of 10.0 MGD. The City owns two vested
water rights and two appropriated rights for groundwater use in the alluvial aquifer. Annual groundwater
usage from the fifteen (15) wells at Downtown Wellfield cannot exceed 4,993 acre-ft at a maximum flow
rate of 15.2 MGD. The maximum annual volume and maximum flow rate for wells in the Downtown
Wellfield are governed on a per well basis. The five (5) wells located at the South Well Field have a total
water right of 2,511 acre-ft at a maximum rate of 3.7 MGD.
The City currently holds a lot of water rights but they are considered "paper" water rights in that they do not
guarantee that the water is always available during times of drought. The worst-case condition during a
drought is that little to no flow is available from the Smoky Hill River, requiring the City to be nearly fully
reliant upon the Downtown Wellfield. For planning purposes, it is assumed that under worst-case drought
conditions in the future, no flow will be available in the Smoky Hill River. Water rights for the Downtown
Well'field will not of meet maximum day demands alone if a similar drought occurred now. If treatment is
added to water from the South Wellfield so that this wellfield can be used to its full capabilities in
conjunction with the Downtown Wellfield, the City still will not have enough water rights to meet maximum
day demands after 2048. In order to meet maximum day demands during drought periods through the
planning horizon, the City will need to expand their "paper" water rights.
As part of the Raw Water Supply it is essential to consider the impacts of current and future drinking water
regulations. Any improvements that are recommended as a result of the study must account for continued
long-term compliance with the current regulations while providing flexibility for future regulations. In
general, past water quality data from the City exhibits compliance with regulations under the Safe Drinking
Water Act. Recent and future regulations include the Stage 2 Disinfection By-Products Rule, the Long-
Term 2 Surface Water Treatment Rule, the Contaminant Candidate List for establishing future regulations,
Total Coliform Rule Revisions, and Lead and Copper Rule Revisions. Of these regulations, the Stage 2
Disinfection By-Products Rule and the Long-Term 2 Surface Water Treatment Rule would likely have the
most impact on future raw water supply, although compliance with all regulations will be required as new
sources are established.
A number of different items were studied related to the future water supply options for the City. The results
are described below.
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SECTION 1
Optimization of Existina Sources
It is in the best interest of the City to maximize the use of existing water rights and water supply
infrastructure. Existing wells at the Downtown Well field can be re-drilled in order to increase their pumping
capacity and maximize the available water rights. Water produced from wells at the South Wellfield is
currently not treated, except for chlorination, and is high in iron, manganese, and hardness. The addition of
a water treatment plant that removes iron, manganese, and hardness would result in the South Wellfield
becoming a reliable source of water supply for the City. In addition, the existing wells that do not currently
have pumps installed should be re-drilled or rehabilitated in order to maximize the existing maximum
diversion rate of 3. 7 MGD allowed under the South Wellfield water rights.
Conservation
The City's existing Water Conservation Plan was evaluated for compliance with recent guidelines published
by the Kansas Water Office. Conserving water can be beneficial in many ways, such as addressing short-
term or long-term water supply shortages, providing environmental protection, and avoiding or postponing
the high costs of new water and wastewater system improvements. The City of Salina can promote
additional water conservation by modifying their existing Water Conservation Plan, addressing the impact
of existing private wells, implementing additional water conservation measures.
One important modification to the City's existing Water Conservation Plan is including private wells within
the City limits in the City's outdoor watering restrictions to lessen impacts to the alluvial aquifer levels,
particularly during drought conditions. The City would be allowed to regulate private wells on the basis of
the waste of water that occurs while watering during peak evaporation hours. The City currently has a
City ordinance prohibiting customers of the City's water distribution system from outdoor watering with
potable water between the hours of 10:00 am and 6:00 pm, effective between June 1 and September 30.
On the basis of the defined waste of water ordinance, per state statutes and the 2007 Municipal Water
Conservation Plan Guidelines the City can revise their current Water Conservation Plan and city ordinance
to include private wells in the outdoor watering regulations.
Water conservation measures commonly used by numerous municipalities were evaluated for inclusion in
the Water Conservation Plan to reduce water usage. These measures include system measures to reduce
non-revenue water, outreach and education activities, distribution of plumbing hardware targeting specific
customer categories, rebate programs, landscaping ordinances, conservation rate structures, and
commercial and industrial incentive programs. It is recommended that the City of Salina continue with their
current water conservation measures and implement the following measures within the next five years:
Understandable and Informative Water Bill, Water Conservation Classes, Teaching Water Conservation in
Schools, Public Awareness for Commercial & Industrial, Commercial High Efficiency Toilets, Residential
High Efficiency or Low Flow Toilets Rebate, High Efficiency Clothes Washer Rebate, Water Conservation
Garden, Xeriscape Ordinance, and Rain Sensor Rebates.
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SECTION 1
Water Reuse
The potential for water reuse for the purposes of irrigation, industrial use, and groundwater recharge was
evaluated. The Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE) Bureau of Water is responsible for
regulations pertaining to water reuse in the State of Kansas. KDHE has published minimum design criteria
that specify the treatment requirements for irrigation with treated wastewater. The feasibility of water reuse
in the City of Salina was evaluated through review of the regulatory requirements, quality and quantity of
the treated municipal wastewater available, potential application sites, and necessary infrastructure
requirements.
The flows into the wastewater treatment facility and the existing effluent water quality data were evaluated
for the past three years. The minimum 110w into the plant over the past three years was approximately 3.0
MGD. At the minimum influent flow, there is adequate flow to support water reuse in Salina. The water
quality appears to be satisfactory for irrigation, although further analysis of the wastewater constituents
should be evaluated for use-speci'fic suitability.
Various potential application sites that could make use of reclaimed water were identified, including
irrigation sites and industrial sites. Irrigation sites identified include Bill Burke Park, the soccer complex,
Salina Municipal Golf Course, and Salina Country Club among others. Many of the irrigation sites identi'fied
currently irrigate with private wells for which they have water rights. The reduction of private usage for
irrigation could be factored into the reclaimed water system and benefit the aquifer. The average flow
requirement for irrigation, based on 2006 usage data, was approximately 2.33 MGD including private water
rights. Industrial sites identified include Exide Corporation, Philips Lighting, Great Plains Manufacturing,
and others. The average flow requirement for industrial uses, based on 2006 usage data, was
approximately 0.42 MGD. Further evaluation is needed to determine if these industries can use reclaimed
water in their processes.
Per the KDHE minimum design criteria, if the City wanted to use treated effluent for irrigation of athletic
fields or public parks with a high probability of body contact then filtration treatment would need to be added
at the wastewater treatment plant. The goal of adding filtration is to further reduce TSS and BOD to allow
the water to be more suitable for human contact. If KDHE includes a requirement in the NPDES permit for
a lower fecal coliform or E. coli, additional disinfection would be required for a higher degree of inactivation
of pathogens. The plant flow could be split downstream of the existing UV disinfection process to allow the
desired amount of reuse water to be filtered and disinfected. If the City wanted to limit irrigation with
treated wastewater effluent to areas with a low probability of body contact such as golf courses or certain
public parks, no treatment improvements would be required per the KDHE minimum design criteria. In
addition to any upgrades required at the wastewater treatment plant, a dedicated pipeline with pumping and
stor(lge facilities would be required to serve the identified irrigation sites.
New Sources of Supply
Potential new sources of supply for the City were evaluated. Sources examined included the Saline River,
the confluence of the Smoky Hill and Solomon Rivers, acquisition of existing water rights, reservoir
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SECTION 1
construction, Dakota Aquifer, Kanopolis Reservoir, Milford Reservior, Wilson Reservoir, and the
development of a water assurance district. Each source was evaluated to determine existing and available
water rights, water quality, and general infrastructure requirements. The City's water demands through the
year 2060 were revisited and water supply deficits were quantified.
Alternatives Evaluation
Alternatives were identified, screened for feasibility, and then evaluated in detail to determine the most
feasible alternatives to meet the City's water demands through the year 2060. Alternatives were first
screened for feasibility based on their optimization of existing resources, increased reliability during drought
periods, minimization of implementation risk, expansion capacity for future demands, and cost
effectiveness. The alternatives that passed the initial screening criteria include the following:
. Improvements at the South Wellfield
. Obtaining a seasonal surface water right on the Smoky Hill River
. Improvements at Downtown Wellfield
. The confluence of the Smoky Hill and Solomon Rivers
. Acquisition of existing water rights
. Water reuse
. Milford Reservoir
. Dakota Aquifer
. Saline River
. Development of a water assurance district
Alternatives that passed the initial screening were further developed to determine the required
infrastructure, implementation risks, environmental impacts, permitability, and the time to implement.
Weighted criteria were developed for the alternative evaluation with input from the City and the Citizen's
Advisory Board. Based on the developed criteria, each alternative was evaluated and ranked according to
the evaluation criteria.
Recommendations
From the rankings, a Capital Improvements Plan (CIP) was developed and is summarized in the figures
below. The CIP should provide the City with the most supply the quickest and at the lowest cost. The CIP
was divided into five phases, which primarily include improvements to the Downtown Wellfield and the
South Wellfield. The improvements are as follows:
. Phase I - Improvements at Downtown Wellfield including re-drilling four wells for increased
capacity, upgrades to raw water piping, and retrofit of the existing air strippers at the water
treatment plant for an increase of 3.0 MGD.
. Phase II - Improvements at South Wellfield including demolition of the existing Schilling Water
Treatment Plant, construction of a new 5 MGD water treatment plant with water storc~ge and high
service pumping, rehabilitation of the 'five existing wells, construction of three new wells, and
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improvements to raw water piping. These improvements result in an increase in the capacity of the
water supply system of 5.0 MGD.
. Phase III - Improvements at Downtown Wellfield for an additional 0.5 MGD including re-drilling 2
wells and raw water piping improvements.
. Phase IV - Improvements at Downtown Wellfield for an additional 1.1 MGD including re-drilling of
wells and raw water piping improvements.
. Phase V - Expansion of the South Wellfield and the South Water Treatment Plant for an additional
2.5 MGD including addition of four wells, raw water piping, and finished water storage.
25
5
Phase 111-
Improyemenlsat Downtown
WdieId (0.5 MGD)
Phase IV -
Improyemenlsat Downtown
WdieId(1.1 MGD)
20
ii'
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-
Maximum
Day Demand
\ I
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. 15
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.
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D.
D.
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2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060
Year
Capital Improvements Plan to Meet Maximum Day Demand Through 2060
Phase
2009 I 2010 I 2011 I 2012 I 2013 I 2014 I 2015
11213141112131411121314111213141112131411121314111213/4
Phase I - Downtown Wellfleld Improvements (3 MGD)
Design
-Construciion-- -- -
. $180,000
; . $2,990,000
Pha-se II - South Wellfleld Improvements (6 MGD) - -
F eaSlbility Study - ~
- -beslgn -
ConstrucUon
. $180,000 ;
; . $1,360,000 '
! . $21,660,000
Short-Term Capital Improvement Financing Plan (2009-2015)
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....:....
SECTION 1
PhIl... 1 '201 1 19202MO~1 4 _ 27[2028 1 '20342 712038203912040
_I In . Do_OWl WIUltld Impowmonls (o.s MGDI - --- - -
eo.... . 850,000
c-.- , , - --- ::::.~OOO-: - -- ----'-'" ~ -r- - -
Phast IV. _0.... WtIll1t1d Imp............ 11.1 MGO) , I ! I ,
eo.... - >- ~ . S2S,000 - - - - -- - -r-
c__ - - -.--- - . $481,000 - -- -- -
_I V. sOl.h Wtllnlld liiiPro.......... t2.S MGD) -
'-SIudy - ---- . 81so.ooo-
-eo....- - .-
. 81.100.000 ._
c~ - -- . 816,8SO,000
Long-Term Capital Improvement Financing Plan (2016-2060)
(Includes Purchase or Acquisition of Water Rights)
Ph.... ~16 201 i201820192020,2021 - 4 ' ~~~~~~2120J32034' ~
_I" . Do_OWl Wtllltld \mprowmonls (O.S MGO) - - r- - - -
eo.... . 850,000
~ --- - - --'-. 8925.000 - - - - -............- f- -
_0 IV . _0"" WtIll1t1d Impovamtnls 11.1 MGO) : I 1 I -+--+ ~ , I , I I I I
0n0gn --+-- .825,000 - - --~ -1 - -; -
c__ - . $461.000 - -
_" V . SouIh Wtllni!d 1mpr2""!!!""'S t2.S MGDI .m.ooo
'..IMIyStulft - - -
- eo.... - . ssao.ooo-
--c-.- - - - .89,280,000-
Long-Term Capital Improvement Financing Plan (2016-2060)
(Assumes Acquisition of Water Rights Previously Completed)
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